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-%s or -o option
-ilrsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only)
malloc: %s:%d: assertion botched
(wd: %s) (core dumped) line $%s: cannot assign in this way %c%c: invalid option %d: invalid file descriptor: %s %s can be invoked via %s has null exportstr %s is %s
%s is a function
%s is a shell builtin
%s is a shell keyword
%s is a special shell builtin
%s is aliased to `%s'
%s is hashed (%s)
%s is not bound to any keys.
%s out of range %s%s%s: %s (error token is "%s") %s: %s %s: %s out of range %s: %s: bad interpreter %s: %s: cannot open as FILE %s: %s: compatibility value out of range %s: %s: invalid value for trace file descriptor %s: %s: must use subscript when assigning associative array %s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes %s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) %s: Is a directory %s: ambiguous job spec %s: ambiguous redirect %s: arguments must be process or job IDs %s: bad network path specification %s: bad substitution %s: binary operator expected %s: cannot allocate %lu bytes %s: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) %s: cannot assign fd to variable %s: cannot assign list to array member %s: cannot assign to non-numeric index %s: cannot convert associative to indexed array %s: cannot convert indexed to associative array %s: cannot create: %s %s: cannot delete: %s %s: cannot destroy array variables in this way %s: cannot execute binary file %s: cannot execute binary file: %s %s: cannot execute: %s %s: cannot export %s: cannot get limit: %s %s: cannot modify limit: %s %s: cannot open temp file: %s %s: cannot open: %s %s: cannot overwrite existing file %s: cannot read: %s %s: cannot unset %s: cannot unset: readonly %s %s: circular name reference %s: command not found %s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s
%s: expression error
%s: file is too large %s: file not found %s: first non-whitespace character is not `"' %s: hash table empty
%s: history expansion failed %s: host unknown %s: illegal option -- %c
%s: inlib failed %s: integer expression expected %s: invalid action name %s: invalid argument %s: invalid array origin %s: invalid associative array key %s: invalid callback quantum %s: invalid file descriptor specification %s: invalid indirect expansion %s: invalid limit argument %s: invalid line count %s: invalid option %s: invalid option name %s: invalid service %s: invalid shell option name %s: invalid signal specification %s: invalid timeout specification %s: invalid variable name %s: invalid variable name for name reference %s: is a directory %s: job %d already in background %s: job has terminated %s: line %d: %s: maximum function nesting level exceeded (%d) %s: maximum source nesting level exceeded (%d) %s: missing colon separator %s: nameref variable self references not allowed %s: no completion specification %s: no job control %s: no such job %s: not a function %s: not a regular file %s: not a shell builtin %s: not an array variable %s: not an indexed array %s: not dynamically loaded %s: not found %s: numeric argument required %s: option requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- %c
%s: parameter null or not set %s: quoted compound array assignment deprecated %s: readonly function %s: readonly variable %s: reference variable cannot be an array %s: restricted %s: restricted: cannot redirect output %s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names %s: substring expression < 0 %s: unary operator expected %s: unbound variable %s: usage: %s: variable may not be assigned value (( expression )) (core dumped) (wd now: %s)
. filename [arguments] /dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking /tmp must be a valid directory name ABORT instruction Aborting... Add directories to stack.
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory
change fails. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Alarm (profile) Alarm (virtual) Alarm clock Arithmetic for loop.
Equivalent to
(( EXP1 ))
while (( EXP2 )); do
COMMANDS
(( EXP3 ))
done
EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is
omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. BPT trace/trap Bad system call Bogus signal Broken pipe Bus error CPU limit Change the shell working directory.
Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the
HOME shell variable.
The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing
DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).
A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins
with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.
If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set,
the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value,
its value is used for DIR.
Options:
-L force symbolic links to be followed: resolve symbolic
links in DIR after processing instances of `..'
-P use the physical directory structure without following
symbolic links: resolve symbolic links in DIR before
processing instances of `..'
-e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working
directory cannot be determined successfully, exit with
a non-zero status
-@ on systems that support it, present a file with extended
attributes as a directory containing the file attributes
The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified.
`..' is processed by removing the immediately previous pathname component
back to a slash or the beginning of DIR.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when
-P is used; non-zero otherwise. Child death or stop Common shell variable names and usage.
BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash.
CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search
for directories given as arguments to `cd'.
GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to
be ignored by pathname expansion.
HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored.
HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain.
HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running
shell can access.
HOME The complete pathname to your login directory.
HOSTNAME The name of the current host.
HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under.
IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF
character as the sole input. If set, then the value
of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen
in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit
(default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input.
MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on.
MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail.
MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks
for new mail.
OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on.
PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when
looking for commands.
PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each
primary prompt.
PS1 The primary prompt string.
PS2 The secondary prompt string.
PWD The full pathname of the current directory.
SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.
TERM The name of the current terminal type.
TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the
`time' reserved word.
auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by
itself is first looked for in the list of currently
stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded.
A value of `exact' means that the command word must
exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A
value of `substring' means that the command word must
match a substring of the job. Any other value means that
the command must be a prefix of a stopped job.
histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick
substitution. The first character is the history
substitution character, usually `!'. The second is
the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The
third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'.
HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which
commands should be saved on the history list.
Continue Define local variables.
Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can
be any option accepted by `declare'.
Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible
only to the function where they are defined and its children.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, a variable
assignment error occurs, or the shell is not executing a function. Define or display aliases.
Without arguments, `alias' prints the list of aliases in the reusable
form `alias NAME=VALUE' on standard output.
Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given.
A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for
alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
Options:
-p print all defined aliases in a reusable format
Exit Status:
alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been
defined. Define shell function.
Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command,
NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked,
the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's
name is in $FUNCNAME.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is readonly. Display directory stack.
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get
back up through the list with the `popd' command.
Options:
-c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements
-l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative
to your home directory
-p print the directory stack with one entry per line
-v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed
with its position in the stack
Arguments:
+N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
-N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Display information about builtin commands.
Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is
specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,
otherwise the list of help topics is printed.
Options:
-d output short description for each topic
-m display usage in pseudo-manpage format
-s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching
PATTERN
Arguments:
PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic
Exit Status:
Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given. Display information about command type.
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
Options:
-a display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
the `-p' option is not also used
-f suppress shell function lookup
-P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
that would be executed
-p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'
-t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias,
shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,
or not found, respectively
Arguments:
NAME Command name to be interpreted.
Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found. Display or execute commands from the history list.
fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.
FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a
string, which means the most recent command beginning with that
string.
Options:
-e ENAME select which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,
then vi
-l list lines instead of editing
-n omit line numbers when listing
-r reverse the order of the lines (newest listed first)
With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, COMMAND is
re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.
A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc'
runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes
the last command.
Exit Status:
Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs. Display or set file mode mask.
Sets the user file-creation mask to MODE. If MODE is omitted, prints
the current value of the mask.
If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
otherwise it is a symbolic mode string like that accepted by chmod(1).
Options:
-p if MODE is omitted, output in a form that may be reused as input
-S makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output
Exit Status:
Returns success unless MODE is invalid or an invalid option is given. Display possible completions depending on the options.
Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible
completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against
WORD are generated.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Display process times.
Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its
child processes.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. Display status of jobs.
Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job.
Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed.
Options:
-l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information
-n lists only processes that have changed status since the last
notification
-p lists process IDs only
-r restrict output to running jobs
-s restrict output to stopped jobs
If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that
appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's
process group leader.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.
If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get
back up through the list with the `popd' command.
Options:
-c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements
-l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative
to your home directory
-p print the directory stack with one entry per line
-v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed
with its position in the stack
Arguments:
+N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Done Done(%d) EMT instruction Enable and disable shell builtins.
Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to
execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
without using a full pathname.
Options:
-a print a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled
-n disable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins
-p print the list of builtins in a reusable format
-s print only the names of Posix `special' builtins
Options controlling dynamic loading:
-f Load builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME
-d Remove a builtin loaded with -f
Without options, each NAME is enabled.
To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin
version, type `enable -n test'.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs. Evaluate arithmetic expression.
The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic
evaluation. Equivalent to "let EXPRESSION".
Exit Status:
Returns 1 if EXPRESSION evaluates to 0; returns 0 otherwise. Evaluate arithmetic expressions.
Evaluate each ARG as an arithmetic expression. Evaluation is done in
fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0
is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list of operators is
grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed
in order of decreasing precedence.
id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement
++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement
-, + unary minus, plus
!, ~ logical and bitwise negation
** exponentiation
*, /, % multiplication, division, remainder
+, - addition, subtraction
<<, >> left and right bitwise shifts
<=, >=, <, > comparison
==, != equality, inequality
& bitwise AND
^ bitwise XOR
| bitwise OR
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
expr ? expr : expr
conditional operator
=, *=, /=, %=,
+=, -=, <<=, >>=,
&=, ^=, |= assignment
Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable
is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within
an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
rules above.
Exit Status:
If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; let returns 0 otherwise. Evaluate conditional expression.
Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary
expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There
are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
The behavior of test depends on the number of arguments. Read the
bash manual page for the complete specification.
File operators:
-a FILE True if file exists.
-b FILE True if file is block special.
-c FILE True if file is character special.
-d FILE True if file is a directory.
-e FILE True if file exists.
-f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file.
-g FILE True if file is set-group-id.
-h FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-L FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set.
-p FILE True if file is a named pipe.
-r FILE True if file is readable by you.
-s FILE True if file exists and is not empty.
-S FILE True if file is a socket.
-t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal.
-u FILE True if the file is set-user-id.
-w FILE True if the file is writable by you.
-x FILE True if the file is executable by you.
-O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.
-G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.
-N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.
FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to
modification date).
FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2.
FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.
String operators:
-z STRING True if string is empty.
-n STRING
STRING True if string is not empty.
STRING1 = STRING2
True if the strings are equal.
STRING1 != STRING2
True if the strings are not equal.
STRING1 < STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
STRING1 > STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
Other operators:
-o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled.
-v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set.
-R VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set and is a name
reference.
! EXPR True if expr is false.
EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true.
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true.
arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne,
-lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.
Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,
less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal
than ARG2.
Exit Status:
Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to
false or an invalid argument is given. Evaluate conditional expression.
This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the last argument must
be a literal `]', to match the opening `['. Execute a simple command or display information about commands.
Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display
information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands
on disk when a function with the same name exists.
Options:
-p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of
the standard utilities
-v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin
-V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND
Exit Status:
Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found. Execute arguments as a shell command.
Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell,
and execute the resulting commands.
Exit Status:
Returns exit status of command or success if command is null. Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed.
Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
`until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands as long as a test succeeds.
Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
`while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on conditional.
The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the
`then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is
executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding
`then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise,
the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the
entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero
if no condition tested true.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on pattern matching.
Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The
`|' is used to separate multiple patterns.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands for each member in a list.
The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a
list of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' is
assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and
the COMMANDS are executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands from a file in the current shell.
Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The
entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME.
If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters
when FILENAME is executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if
FILENAME cannot be read. Execute conditional command.
Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional
expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used
by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators:
( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION
! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false
EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false
EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false
When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of
the operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed.
When the `=~' operator is used, the string to the right of the operator
is matched as a regular expression.
The && and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to
determine the expression's value.
Exit Status:
0 or 1 depending on value of EXPRESSION. Execute shell builtins.
Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command
lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin
as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function.
Exit Status:
Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is
not a shell builtin.. Exit %d Exit a login shell.
Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed
in a login shell. Exit for, while, or until loops.
Exit a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, break N enclosing
loops.
Exit Status:
The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Exit the shell.
Exits the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status
is that of the last command executed. File limit Floating point exception Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.
Options:
-v var assign the output to shell variable VAR rather than
display it on the standard output
FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain
characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape
sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
argument.
In addition to the standard format specifications described in printf(1),
printf interprets:
%b expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument
%q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input
%(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format
string for strftime(3)
The format is re-used as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If
there are fewer arguments than the format requires, extra format
specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate,
had been supplied.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment
error occurs. GNU bash, version %s (%s)
GNU bash, version %s-(%s)
GNU long options:
General help using GNU software:
Group commands as a unit.
Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an
entire set of commands.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. HFT input data pending HFT monitor mode granted HFT monitor mode retracted HFT sound sequence has completed HOME not set Hangup I have no name! I/O ready Illegal instruction Information request Interrupt Killed License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later
Mark shell variables as unchangeable.
Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be
changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE
before marking as read-only.
Options:
-a refer to indexed array variables
-A refer to associative array variables
-f refer to shell functions
-p display a list of all readonly variables or functions,
depending on whether or not the -f option is given
An argument of `--' disables further option processing.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Modify or display completion options.
Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied,
the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, print
the completion options for each NAME or the current completion specification.
Options:
-o option Set completion option OPTION for each NAME
-D Change options for the "default" command completion
-E Change options for the "empty" command completion
Using `+o' instead of `-o' turns off the specified option.
Arguments:
Each NAME refers to a command for which a completion specification must
have previously been defined using the `complete' builtin. If no NAMEs
are supplied, compopt must be called by a function currently generating
completions, and the options for that currently-executing completion
generator are modified.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or NAME does not
have a completion specification defined. Modify shell resource limits.
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes
it creates, on systems that allow such control.
Options:
-S use the `soft' resource limit
-H use the `hard' resource limit
-a all current limits are reported
-b the socket buffer size
-c the maximum size of core files created
-d the maximum size of a process's data segment
-e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice')
-f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
-i the maximum number of pending signals
-k the maximum number of kqueues allocated for this process
-l the maximum size a process may lock into memory
-m the maximum resident set size
-n the maximum number of open file descriptors
-p the pipe buffer size
-q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-r the maximum real-time scheduling priority
-s the maximum stack size
-t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u the maximum number of user processes
-v the size of virtual memory
-x the maximum number of file locks
-P the maximum number of pseudoterminals
-T the maximum number of threads
Not all options are available on all platforms.
If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the
special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the
current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively.
Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If
no option is given, then -f is assumed.
Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds,
-p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled
number of processes.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Move job to the foreground.
Place the job identified by JOB_SPEC in the foreground, making it the
current job. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the
current job is used.
Exit Status:
Status of command placed in foreground, or failure if an error occurs. Move jobs to the background.
Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they
had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion
of the current job is used.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. Null command.
No effect; the command does nothing.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. OLDPWD not set Parse option arguments.
Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters
as options.
OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter
is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,
which should be separated from it by white space.
Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the
shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and
the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell
variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or
a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.
getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character
of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In
this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is
seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a
required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and
sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in
silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into
NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?'
is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is
printed.
If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the
printing of error messages, even if the first character of
OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.
Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if
more arguments are given, they are parsed instead.
Exit Status:
Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is
encountered or an error occurs. Print the name of the current working directory.
Options:
-L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working
directory
-P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links
By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory
cannot be read. Quit Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.
Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD
if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word
splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second
word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to
the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
delimiters.
If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable.
Options:
-a array assign the words read to sequential indices of the array
variable ARRAY, starting at zero
-d delim continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather
than newline
-e use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell
-i text use TEXT as the initial text for Readline
-n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting
for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than
NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter
-N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless
EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any
delimiter
-p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before
attempting to read
-r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters
-s do not echo input coming from a terminal
-t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of
input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the
TMOUT variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a
fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns
immediately, without trying to read any data, returning
success only if input is available on the specified
file descriptor. The exit status is greater than 128
if the timeout is exceeded
-u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input
Exit Status:
The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out
(in which case it's greater than 128), a variable assignment error occurs,
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. Read lines from a file into an array variable.
A synonym for `mapfile'. Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or
from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE
is the default ARRAY.
Options:
-d delim Use DELIM to terminate lines, instead of newline
-n count Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied
-O origin Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0
-s count Discard the first COUNT lines read
-t Remove a trailing DELIM from each line read (default newline)
-u fd Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input
-C callback Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read
-c quantum Specify the number of lines read between each call to
CALLBACK
Arguments:
ARRAY Array variable name to use for file data
If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When
CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array
element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before
assigning to it.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or
not an indexed array. Record lock Remember or display program locations.
Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If
no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed.
Options:
-d forget the remembered location of each NAME
-l display in a format that may be reused as input
-p pathname use PATHNAME as the full pathname of NAME
-r forget all remembered locations
-t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding
each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple
NAMEs are given
Arguments:
NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list
of remembered commands.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given. Remove directories from stack.
Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes
the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0'
removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second.
-N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0'
removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory
change fails. Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases.
Options:
-a remove all alias definitions
Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias. Remove jobs from current shell.
Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without
any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job.
Options:
-a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied
-h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the
shell receives a SIGHUP
-r remove only running jobs
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option or JOBSPEC is given. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes
the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0'
removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second.
-N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0'
removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Replace the shell with the given command.
Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program.
ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified,
any redirections take effect in the current shell.
Options:
-a name pass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND
-c execute COMMAND with an empty environment
-l place a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND
If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
the shell option `execfail' is set.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs. Report time consumed by pipeline's execution.
Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time,
and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates.
Options:
-p print the timing summary in the portable Posix format
The value of the TIMEFORMAT variable is used as the output format.
Exit Status:
The return status is the return status of PIPELINE. Resume for, while, or until loops.
Resumes the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop.
If N is specified, resumes the Nth enclosing loop.
Exit Status:
The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Resume job in foreground.
Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the `fg' command. Resume a
stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name
or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a `&' places the job in
the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an
argument to `bg'.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the resumed job. Return a successful result.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. Return an unsuccessful result.
Exit Status:
Always fails. Return from a shell function.
Causes a function or sourced script to exit with the return value
specified by N. If N is omitted, the return status is that of the
last command executed within the function or script.
Exit Status:
Returns N, or failure if the shell is not executing a function or script. Return the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, returns
"$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information can be used to
provide a stack trace.
The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the
current one; the top frame is frame 0.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR
is invalid. Returns the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns Running Segmentation fault Select words from a list and execute commands.
The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The
set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each
preceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"'
is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read
from the standard input. If the line consists of the number
corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set
to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are
redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other
value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved
in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection
until a break command is executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Set Readline key bindings and variables.
Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a
Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to
that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument:
e.g., bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
Options:
-m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this
command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,
emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
vi-command, and vi-insert.
-l List names of functions.
-P List function names and bindings.
-p List functions and bindings in a form that can be
reused as input.
-S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
-s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
in a form that can be reused as input.
-V List variable names and values
-v List variable names and values in a form that can
be reused as input.
-q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.
-r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.
-f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.
-x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when
KEYSEQ is entered.
-X List key sequences bound with -x and associated commands
in a form that can be reused as input.
Exit Status:
bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs. Set and unset shell options.
Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option
arguments, list all shell options with an indication of whether or not each
is set.
Options:
-o restrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with `set -o'
-p print each shell option with an indication of its status
-q suppress output
-s enable (set) each OPTNAME
-u disable (unset) each OPTNAME
Exit Status:
Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is
given or OPTNAME is disabled. Set export attribute for shell variables.
Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently
executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting.
Options:
-f refer to shell functions
-n remove the export property from each NAME
-p display a list of all exported variables and functions
An argument of `--' disables further option processing.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Set variable values and attributes.
Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given,
display the attributes and values of all variables.
Options:
-f restrict action or display to function names and definitions
-F restrict display to function names only (plus line number and
source file when debugging)
-g create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise
ignored
-p display the attributes and value of each NAME
Options which set attributes:
-a to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported)
-A to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported)
-i to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute
-l to convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment
-n make NAME a reference to the variable named by its value
-r to make NAMEs readonly
-t to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute
-u to convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment
-x to make NAMEs export
Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute.
Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see
the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value.
When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local'
command. The `-g' option suppresses this behavior.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or a variable
assignment error occurs. Shell commands matching keyword ` Shell commands matching keywords ` Shell options:
Shift positional parameters.
Rename the positional parameters $N+1,$N+2 ... to $1,$2 ... If N is
not given, it is assumed to be 1.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless N is negative or greater than $#. Signal %d Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline.
For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options
are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that
allows them to be reused as input.
Options:
-p print existing completion specifications in a reusable format
-r remove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no
NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications
-D apply the completions and actions as the default for commands
without any specific completion defined
-E apply the completions and actions to "empty" commands --
completion attempted on a blank line
When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the
uppercase-letter options are listed above. The -D option takes
precedence over -E.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Stopped Stopped (signal) Stopped (tty input) Stopped (tty output) Stopped(%s) Suspend shell execution.
Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal.
Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended.
Options:
-f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell
Exit Status:
Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format character Terminated The mail in %s has been read
There are running jobs.
There are stopped jobs.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it. Trap signals and other events.
Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals
or other conditions.
ARG is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the
signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC
is supplied) or `-', each specified signal is reset to its original
value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the
shell and by the commands it invokes.
If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If
a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed before every simple command. If
a SIGNAL_SPEC is RETURN, ARG is executed each time a shell function or a
script run by the . or source builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC
of ERR means to execute ARG each time a command's failure would cause the
shell to exit when the -e option is enabled.
If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated
with each signal.
Options:
-l print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers
-p display the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC
Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in or a signal number.
Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A
signal may be sent to the shell with "kill -signal $$".
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given. Type `%s -c "help set"' for more information about shell options.
Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands.
Unknown Signal # Unknown Signal #%d Unknown error Unknown status Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.
For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function.
Options:
-f treat each NAME as a shell function
-v treat each NAME as a shell variable
-n treat each NAME as a name reference and unset the variable itself
rather than the variable it references
Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails,
tries to unset a function.
Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only. Urgent IO condition Usage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ...
%s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ...
Use "%s" to leave the shell.
Use the `bashbug' command to report bugs.
User signal 1 User signal 2 Wait for job completion and return exit status.
Waits for each process identified by an ID, which may be a process ID or a
job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not
given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return
status is zero. If ID is a a job specification, waits for all processes
in that job's pipeline.
If the -n option is supplied, waits for the next job to terminate and
returns its exit status.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid
option is given. Wait for process completion and return exit status.
Waits for each process specified by a PID and reports its termination status.
If PID is not given, waits for all currently active child processes,
and the return status is zero. PID must be a process ID.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last PID; fails if PID is invalid or an invalid
option is given. Window changed Write arguments to the standard output.
Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline.
Options:
-n do not append a newline
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a write error occurs. Write arguments to the standard output.
Display the ARGs, separated by a single space character and followed by a
newline, on the standard output.
Options:
-n do not append a newline
-e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes
-E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes
`echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress further output
\e escape character
\E escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be
0 to 3 octal digits
\xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH
can be one or two hex digits
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a write error occurs. You have mail in $_ You have new mail in $_ [ arg... ] [[ expression ]] `%c': bad command `%c': invalid format character `%c': invalid symbolic mode character `%c': invalid symbolic mode operator `%c': invalid time format specification `%s': cannot unbind `%s': invalid alias name `%s': invalid keymap name `%s': is a special builtin `%s': missing format character `%s': not a pid or valid job spec `%s': not a valid identifier `%s': unknown function name `)' expected `)' expected, found %s `:' expected for conditional expression add_process: pid %5ld (%s) marked as still alive add_process: process %5ld (%s) in the_pipeline alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] all_local_variables: no function context at current scope argument argument expected array variable support required attempted assignment to non-variable bad array subscript bad command type bad connector bad jump bad substitution: no closing "`" in %s bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s bash home page:
bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for command bg [job_spec ...] bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command] brace expansion: cannot allocate memory for %s brace expansion: failed to allocate memory for %d elements brace expansion: failed to allocate memory for `%s' break [n] bug: bad expassign token builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] caller [expr] can only `return' from a function or sourced script can only be used in a function cannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %d cannot create temp file for here-document: %s cannot duplicate fd %d to fd %d cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d cannot find %s in shared object %s: %s cannot make child for command substitution cannot make child for process substitution cannot make pipe for command substitution cannot make pipe for process substitution cannot open named pipe %s for reading cannot open named pipe %s for writing cannot open shared object %s: %s cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s cannot reset nodelay mode for fd %d cannot set and unset shell options simultaneously cannot set gid to %d: effective gid %d cannot set terminal process group (%d) cannot set uid to %d: effective uid %d cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable cannot suspend cannot suspend a login shell cannot use `-f' to make functions cannot use more than one of -anrw case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] child setpgid (%ld to %ld) command [-pVv] command [arg ...] command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1 compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word] complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...] completion: function `%s' not found compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...] conditional binary operator expected continue [n] coproc [NAME] command [redirections] could not find /tmp, please create! cprintf: `%c': invalid format character current declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] deleting stopped job %d with process group %ld describe_pid: %ld: no such pid directory stack empty directory stack index dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] division by 0 dynamic loading not available echo [-n] [arg ...] echo [-neE] [arg ...] empty array variable name enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] error getting terminal attributes: %s error importing function definition for `%s' error setting terminal attributes: %s eval [arg ...] eval: maximum eval nesting level exceeded (%d) exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...] exit [n] expected `)' exponent less than 0 export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p expression expected expression recursion level exceeded fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command] fg [job_spec] file descriptor out of range filename argument required for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done forked pid %d appears in running job %d format parsing problem: %s free: called with already freed block argument free: called with unallocated block argument free: start and end chunk sizes differ free: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitution getcwd: cannot access parent directories getopts optstring name [arg] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] hashing disabled help [-dms] [pattern ...] help not available in this version here-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted `%s') history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...] history position history specification hits command
identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrement if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi initialize_job_control: getpgrp failed initialize_job_control: line discipline initialize_job_control: setpgid invalid arithmetic base invalid base invalid character %d in exportstr for %s invalid hex number invalid number invalid octal number invalid signal number job %d started without job control job_spec [&] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec] last command: %s
let arg [arg ...] limit line %d: line editing not enabled load function for %s returns failure (%d): not loaded local [option] name[=value] ... logout
logout [n] loop count make_here_document: bad instruction type %d make_local_variable: no function context at current scope make_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of range malloc: block on free list clobbered malloc: failed assertion: %s
mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] maximum here-document count exceeded migrate process to another CPU missing `)' missing `]' missing hex digit for \x missing unicode digit for \%c network operations not supported no `=' in exportstr for %s no closing `%c' in %s no command found no help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'. no job control no job control in this shell no match: %s no other directory no other options allowed with `-x' not currently executing completion function not login shell: use `exit' octal number only meaningful in a `for', `while', or `until' loop pipe error pop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scope pop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function context pop_var_context: no global_variables context popd [-n] [+N | -N] power failure imminent print_command: bad connector `%d' printf [-v var] format [arguments] progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPEC programming error pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] pwd [-LP] read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...] read error: %d: %s readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p realloc: called with unallocated block argument realloc: start and end chunk sizes differ realloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range recursion stack underflow redirection error: cannot duplicate fd register_alloc: %p already in table as allocated?
register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC?
register_free: %p already in table as free?
restricted return [n] run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %p run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself save_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %d select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s): %s setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s): %s shell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1 shift [n] shift count shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] sigprocmask: %d: invalid operation source filename [arguments] start_pipeline: pgrp pipe suspend [-f] syntax error syntax error in conditional expression syntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s' syntax error in expression syntax error near `%s' syntax error near unexpected token `%s' syntax error: `((%s))' syntax error: `;' unexpected syntax error: arithmetic expression required syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator syntax error: operand expected syntax error: unexpected end of file system crash imminent test [expr] time [-p] pipeline too many arguments trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] trap_handler: bad signal %d type [-afptP] name [name ...] typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] umask [-p] [-S] [mode] unalias [-a] name [name ...] unexpected EOF while looking for `]]' unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c' unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)' unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operator unexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operator unexpected argument to conditional binary operator unexpected argument to conditional unary operator unexpected token %d in conditional command unexpected token `%c' in conditional command unexpected token `%s' in conditional command unexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expected unexpected token `%s', expected `)' unknown unknown command error unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done value too great for base variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables wait [-n] [id ...] wait [pid ...] wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shell wait_for: No record of process %ld wait_for_job: job %d is stopped waitchld: turning on WNOHANG to avoid indefinite block warning: warning: %s: %s warning: -C option may not work as you expect warning: -F option may not work as you expect while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done write error: %s xtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d) xtrace_set: %d: invalid file descriptor xtrace_set: NULL file pointer { COMMANDS ; } Project-Id-Version: bash 4.4-beta1
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POT-Creation-Date: 2016-09-10 12:42-0400
PO-Revision-Date: 2015-10-26 00:32-0400
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ç‰å¾…输入超时：自动注销
-%s 或 -o <选项>
-irsD 或 -c <命令> 或 -O (仅适åˆè°ƒç”¨)
malloc: %s:%d: æ–言已修补
(工作目录: %s) (æ ¸å¿ƒå·²è½¬å‚¨) è¡Œ $%s: æ— æ³•è¿™æ ·èµ‹å€¼ %c%c: æ— æ•ˆçš„é€‰é¡¹ %d: æ— æ•ˆçš„æ–‡ä»¶æ述符: %s %s å¯ä»¥è¢«è°ƒç”¨ï¼Œé€šè¿‡ %s 有空的 exportstr %s 是 %s
%s 是函数
%s 是 shell 内建
%s 是 shell 关键å—
%s 是特殊 shell 内建
%s 是 `%s' 的别å
%s 已被录入哈希表 (%s)
%s 未与任何键绑定。
%s 越界 %s%s%s: %s (错误符å·æ˜¯ "%s") %s: %s %s: %s 越界 %s: %s: 解释器错误 %s: %s: æ— æ³•ä½œä¸ºæ–‡ä»¶æ‰“å¼€ %s: %s: 兼容版本数值越界 %s: %s: 追踪文件æè¿°ç¬¦çš„å€¼æ— æ•ˆ %s: %s: 为关è”æ•°ç»„èµ‹å€¼æ—¶å¿…é¡»ä½¿ç”¨ä¸‹æ ‡ %s: %s:%d: æ— æ³•åˆ†é… %lu å—节 %s: %s:%d: æ— æ³•åˆ†é… %lu å—节 (å·²åˆ†é… %lu å—节) %s: 是一个目录 %s: 模糊的任务声明 %s: 模糊的é‡å®šå‘ %s: å‚数必须是进程或任务 ID %s: 错误的网络路径声明 %s: é”™è¯¯çš„æ›¿æ¢ %s: 需è¦äºŒå…ƒè¡¨è¾¾å¼ %s: æ— æ³•åˆ†é… %lu å—节 %s: æ— æ³•åˆ†é… %lu å—节 (å·²åˆ†é… %lu å—节) %s: æ— æ³•å°†æ–‡ä»¶æ述符赋值给å˜é‡ %s: æ— æ³•å°†é“¾è¡¨èµ‹å€¼ç»™æ•°ç»„æˆå‘˜ %s: æ— æ³•ä¸ºéžæ•°å—的索引赋值 %s: æ— æ³•å°†å…³è”数组转化为索引数组 %s: æ— æ³•å°†ç´¢å¼•æ•°ç»„è½¬åŒ–ä¸ºå…³è”数组 %s: æ— æ³•åˆ›å»º: %s %s: æ— æ³•åˆ é™¤: %s %s: æ— æ³•ä»¥è¿™ç§æ–¹å¼é”€æ¯æ•°ç»„å˜é‡ %s: æ— æ³•æ‰§è¡ŒäºŒè¿›åˆ¶æ–‡ä»¶ %s: æ— æ³•æ‰§è¡ŒäºŒè¿›åˆ¶æ–‡ä»¶: %s %s: æ— æ³•æ‰§è¡Œ: %s %s: æ— æ³•å¯¼å‡º %s: æ— æ³•èŽ·å– limit 值: %s %s: æ— æ³•ä¿®æ”¹ limit 值: %s %s: æ— æ³•æ‰“å¼€ä¸´æ—¶æ–‡ä»¶: %s %s: æ— æ³•æ‰“å¼€: %s %s: æ— æ³•è¦†ç›–å·²å˜åœ¨çš„文件 %s: æ— æ³•è¯»å–: %s %s: æ— æ³•å–消设定 %s: æ— æ³•å–消设定: åªè¯» %s %s: 循环å˜é‡å引用 %s: 未找到命令 %s: 获å–当å‰ç›®å½•æ—¶å‡ºé”™: %s: %s
%s: 表达å¼é”™è¯¯
%s: 文件太大 %s: 文件未找到 %s: 第一个éžç©ºå—符ä¸æ˜¯ `"' %s: 哈希表为空
%s: 历å²æ‰©å±•å¤±è´¥ %s: 未知主机 %s: éžæ³•é€‰é¡¹ -- %c
%s: inlib 失败 %s: 需è¦æ•´æ•°è¡¨è¾¾å¼ %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„åŠ¨ä½œå %s: æ— æ•ˆå‚æ•° %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„æ•°ç»„åŸºæ•° %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„å…³è”数组键 %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„å›žè°ƒé‡å %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„æ–‡ä»¶æ述符声明 %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„é—´æŽ¥å±•å¼€ %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„ limit å‚æ•° %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„è¡Œæ•° %s: æ— æ•ˆé€‰é¡¹ %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„é€‰é¡¹å %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„æœåŠ¡ %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„ shell 选项å %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„ä¿¡å·å£°æ˜Ž %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„è¶…æ—¶å£°æ˜Ž %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„å˜é‡å %s: æ— æ•ˆçš„å¼•ç”¨å˜é‡å %s: 是一个目录 %s: 任务 %d 已在åŽå° %s: 任务已ç»ç»ˆæ¢ %s: è¡Œ %d: %s: 超出最大函数嵌套层数 (%d) %s: 超出最大 source 嵌套层数 (%d) %s: 缺少冒å·åˆ†éš”符 %s: ä¸å…许å称引用å˜é‡å¼•ç”¨è‡ªèº« %s: 没有补全声明 %s: æ— ä»»åŠ¡æŽ§åˆ¶ %s: æ— æ¤ä»»åŠ¡ %s: ä¸æ˜¯å‡½æ•° %s: ä¸æ˜¯å¸¸è§„文件 %s: ä¸æ˜¯ shell 内建 %s: ä¸æ˜¯æ•°ç»„å˜é‡ %s: ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªç´¢å¼•æ•°ç»„ %s: 未以动æ€æ–¹å¼åŠ è½½ %s: 未找到 %s: 需è¦æ•°å—å‚æ•° %s: 选项需è¦ä¸€ä¸ªå‚æ•° %s: 选项需è¦ä¸€ä¸ªå‚æ•° -- %c
%s: å‚数为空或未设置 %s: 引å·å†…çš„å¤åˆæ•°ç»„赋值已被弃用 %s: åªè¯»å‡½æ•° %s: åªè¯»å˜é‡ %s: 引用å˜é‡ä¸èƒ½ä¸ºæ•°ç»„ %s: å—é™çš„ %s: å—é™çš„: æ— æ³•é‡å®šå‘输出 %s: å—é™çš„: æ— æ³•åœ¨å‘½ä»¤åä¸ä½¿ç”¨ `/' %s: åä¸²è¡¨è¾¾å¼ < 0 %s: 需è¦ä¸€å…ƒè¡¨è¾¾å¼ %s: 未绑定的å˜é‡ %s: 用法: %s: å˜é‡ä¸å¯èµ‹å€¼ (( è¡¨è¾¾å¼ )) (æ ¸å¿ƒå·²è½¬å‚¨) (当å‰å·¥ä½œç›®å½•ï¼š%s)
. 文件å [å‚æ•°] 没有网络时ä¸æ”¯æŒ /dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port /tmp 必须为有效的目录å <æ— å½“å‰ç›®å½•> 放弃指令 ä¸æ¢... å°†ç›®å½•æ·»åŠ åˆ°æ ˆä¸ã€‚
å°†ç›®å½•æ·»åŠ åˆ°ç›®å½•æ ˆé¡¶ï¼Œæˆ–ç€æ—‹è½¬æ ˆç›´åˆ°å½“å‰å·¥ä½œç›®å½•æˆä¸º
æ–°çš„æ ˆé¡¶ã€‚ä¸å¸¦å‚数时，交æ¢æ ˆé¡¶çš„两个目录。
选项：
-n æŠ‘åˆ¶æ·»åŠ ç›®å½•è‡³æ ˆæ—¶é€šå¸¸çš„æ”¹å˜ç›®å½•æ“ä½œï¼Œä»Žè€Œä»…å¯¹æ ˆ
进行æ“作。
å‚数：
+N æ—‹è½¬æ ˆä»Žè€Œç¬¬ N 个目录 (`dirs' 显示的列表ä¸å·¦èµ·ï¼Œä»Žé›¶å¼€å§‹)
å°†ç§»åŠ¨åˆ°æ ˆé¡¶ã€‚
-N æ—‹è½¬æ ˆä»Žè€Œç¬¬ N 个目录 (`dirs' 显示的列表ä¸å³èµ·ï¼Œä»Žé›¶å¼€å§‹)
å°†ç§»åŠ¨åˆ°æ ˆé¡¶ã€‚
dir å°† DIR ç›®å½•æ·»åŠ åˆ°æ ˆé¡¶ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”ä½¿å…¶æˆä¸ºå½“å‰å·¥ä½œç›®å½•ã€‚
`dirs' å†…å»ºæ˜¾ç¤ºç›®å½•æ ˆã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的å‚数或者目录转æ¢å¤±è´¥ã€‚ åœ¨ç›®å½•æ ˆé¡¶éƒ¨åŠ å…¥ä¸€ä¸ªç›®å½•ï¼Œæˆ–è€…è®ºè¯¢
ç›®å½•æ ˆï¼Œæ˜¯å½“å‰å·¥ä½œç›®å½•æˆä¸ºæ–°çš„æ ˆé¡¶
ä¸å¸¦å‚数时，交æ¢æ ˆé¡¶çš„两个目录。
选项：
-n æŠ‘åˆ¶å¢žåŠ æ ˆä¸ç›®å½•æ—¶é€šå¸¸çš„改å˜ç›®å½•çš„æ“作，
从而åªæœ‰æ ˆè¢«æ“作。
å‚数：
+N è½®è½¬æ ˆä½¿å¾—ç¬¬N个目录(`dirs' çš„
输出列表ä¸å·¦èµ·ï¼Œä»Ž0开始)
å‡è‡³æ ˆé¡¶ã€‚
-N è½®è½¬æ ˆä½¿å¾—ç¬¬N个目录(`dirs' çš„
输出列表ä¸å³èµ·ï¼Œä»Ž0开始)
å‡è‡³æ ˆé¡¶
dir æ·»åŠ ç›®å½•è‡³æ ˆé¡¶ï¼Œå¹¶
使其æˆä¸ºæ–°çš„当å‰å·¥ä½œç›®å½•ã€‚
`dirs' å†…å»ºå‘½ä»¤æ˜¾ç¤ºç›®å½•æ ˆ. 报è¦(分æž) 报è¦(虚拟) 闹钟 算术 for 循环。
ç‰ä»·äºŽ
(( EXP1 ))
while (( EXP2 )); do
COMMANDS
(( EXP3 ))
done
EXP1ã€EXP2 å’Œ EXP3都是算术表达å¼ã€‚如果çœç•¥ä»»ä½•è¡¨è¾¾å¼ï¼Œ
则ç‰åŒäºŽä½¿ç”¨äº†ä¼°å€¼ä¸º1的表达å¼ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ æ–点追踪/陷阱 错误的系统调用 ä¼ªä¿¡å· ç®¡é“ç ´è£‚ 总线错误 CPU é™åˆ¶ æ”¹å˜ shell 工作目录。
改å˜å½“å‰ç›®å½•è‡³ DIR 目录。默认的 DIR 目录是 shell å˜é‡ HOME
的值。
å˜é‡ CDPATH 定义了å«æœ‰ DIR 的目录的æœç´¢è·¯å¾„，其ä¸ä¸åŒçš„目录åç§°ç”±å†’å· (:)分隔。
一个空的目录å称表示当å‰ç›®å½•ã€‚如果è¦åˆ‡æ¢åˆ°çš„ DIR 由斜æ (/) 开头，则 CDPATH
å˜é‡ä¸ä¼šè¢«ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚
如果路径找ä¸åˆ°ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸” shell 选项 `cdable_vars' 被设定，则å‚æ•°è¯è¢«å‡å®šä¸ºä¸€ä¸ª
å˜é‡å。如果该å˜é‡æœ‰å€¼ï¼Œåˆ™å®ƒçš„值被当作 DIR 目录。
选项：
-L 强制跟éšç¬¦å·é“¾æŽ¥: åœ¨å¤„ç† `..' 之åŽè§£æž DIR ä¸çš„符å·é“¾æŽ¥ã€‚
-P 使用物ç†ç›®å½•ç»“构而ä¸è·Ÿéšç¬¦å·é“¾æŽ¥: åœ¨å¤„ç† `..' 之å‰è§£æž DIR ä¸çš„符å·é“¾æŽ¥ã€‚
-e 如果使用了 -P å‚数，但ä¸èƒ½æˆåŠŸç¡®å®šå½“å‰å·¥ä½œç›®å½•æ—¶ï¼Œè¿”回éžé›¶çš„返回值。
-@ 在支æŒæ‹“展属性的系统上，将一个有这些属性的文件当作有文件属性的目录。
默认情况下跟éšç¬¦å·é“¾æŽ¥ï¼Œå¦‚åŒæŒ‡å®š `-L'。
`..' 使用移除å‘å‰ç›¸é‚»ç›®å½•åæˆå‘˜ç›´åˆ° DIR 开始或一个斜æ çš„æ–¹å¼å¤„ç†ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
如果目录改å˜ï¼Œæˆ–在使用 -P 选项时 $PWD 修改æˆåŠŸæ—¶è¿”回 0，å¦åˆ™éžé›¶ã€‚ å进程已æ»æˆ–者åœæ¢ 常用 shell å˜é‡å称和使用。
BASH_VERSION å½“å‰ Bash 的版本信æ¯ã€‚
CDPATH 用于 `cd' 命令å‚æ•°æœç´¢çš„分å·åˆ†éš”的目录列表
GLOBIGNORE 路径扩展时忽略的文件å匹é…模å¼åˆ—表，
以分å·åˆ†éš”。
HISTFILE 您的命令历å²å˜æ”¾çš„文件å称。
HISTFILESIZE 历å²æ–‡ä»¶æœ€å¤šå¯ä»¥ä¿å˜çš„行数。
HISTSIZE 一个è¿è¡Œçš„ shell 最多å¯ä»¥è®¿é—®çš„历å²å‘½ä»¤è¡Œæ•°ã€‚
HOME 您的登录目录的完整路径。
HOSTNAME 当å‰ä¸»æœºçš„主机å。
HOSTTYPE 当å‰ç‰ˆæœ¬çš„ BASH 在其之上è¿è¡Œçš„ CPU 类型。
IGNOREEOF 控制 shell 收到文件结æŸç¬¦ä½œä¸ºå•ä¸€è¾“å…¥åŽçš„
动作。如果设定这个å˜é‡ï¼Œåˆ™å®ƒçš„值是 shell 退出之å‰åœ¨
一个空行上å¯ä»¥è¿žç»çœ‹åˆ°çš„文件结æŸç¬¦æ•°é‡(默认为10)。
未设定时，文件结æŸç¬¦æ ‡å¿—ç€è¾“入的结æŸã€‚
MACHTYPE æ述当å‰è¿è¡Œ Bash 的系统的å—符串。
MAILCHECK Bash 检测新邮件的频率，以秒为å•ä½ã€‚
MAILPATH Bash 从ä¸æ£€æµ‹æ–°é‚®ä»¶çš„文件列表，以分å·åˆ†éš”。
OSTYPE è¿è¡Œ Bash çš„ Unix 版本。
PATH 当寻找命令时æœç´¢çš„目录列表，以冒å·åˆ†éš”。
PROMPT_COMMAND 打å°æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªä¸»æ示符之å‰æ‰§è¡Œçš„命
令。
PS1 主æ示符å—符串。
PS2 从æ示符å—符串。
PWD 当å‰ç›®å½•çš„完整路径。
SHELLOPTS å·²å¯ç”¨çš„ shell 选项列表，以冒å·åˆ†éš”。
TERM 当å‰ç»ˆç«¯ç±»åž‹çš„å称。
TIMEFORMAT 以关键则 `time' 显示的时间统计信æ¯çš„输出
æ ¼å¼ã€‚
auto_resume éžç©ºæ—¶ï¼Œä¸€ä¸ªå•ç‹¬çš„命令è¯ä¼šé¦–先被在当å‰
åœæ¢çš„任务列表ä¸æœç´¢ã€‚如果找到则该任务被置于å‰å°ã€‚
如果值为 `exact' 则æ„味ç€å‘½ä»¤è¯å¿…须精确匹é…åœæ¢ä»»åŠ¡
列表ä¸çš„命令。如果值为 `substring' 则æ„味ç€å‘½ä»¤è¯å¿…
须匹é…任务的一个åå—符串。任何其他的值æ„味ç€å‘½ä»¤è¯
必须是åœæ¢ä»»åŠ¡çš„一个å‰ç¼€ã€‚
histchars 控制历å²å±•å¼€å’Œå¿«é€Ÿæ›¿æ¢çš„å—符。第一个å—符是
历å²æ›¿æ¢å—符，通常是 `!'。第二个å—符是快速替æ¢å—符，
通常是 `^'。第三个是历å²æ³¨é‡Šå—符，通常是 `#'。
HISTIGNORE 用于决定哪些命令被å˜å…¥åŽ†å²æ–‡ä»¶çš„模å¼
列表，以冒å·åˆ†éš”。
ç»§ç» å®šä¹‰æœ¬åœ°å˜é‡ã€‚
创建一个以 NAME 为å称的å˜é‡ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”å°† VALUE 赋值给它。
OPTION 选项å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä»»ä½•èƒ½è¢« `declare' 接å—的选项。
本地å˜é‡åªèƒ½åœ¨å‡½æ•°å†…部被使用，它们åªèƒ½åœ¨å®šä¹‰å®ƒä»¬çš„函数内
部以åŠå函数ä¸å¯è§ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项ã€å‘生了赋值错误或者 shell ä¸åœ¨æ‰§è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªå‡½æ•°ã€‚ 定义或显示别å。
ä¸å¸¦å‚数时，`alias' 以å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼
`alias å称=值'åœ¨æ ‡å‡†è¾“å‡ºè®¾å¤‡ä¸Šæ‰“å°åˆ«å列表。
å¦åˆ™ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽæ¯ä¸ªç»™å®šå€¼çš„å称定义一个别å。
å€¼æœ«å°¾çš„ç©ºæ ¼ä¼šä½¿ä¸‹ä¸€ä¸ªè¯è¢«æ£€æµ‹ä½œä¸ºåˆ«å替æ¢å±•å¼€ã€‚
选项：
-p 以å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼æ‰“å°æ‰€æœ‰çš„已定义的别å
退出状æ€ï¼š
除éžä¸€ä¸ªæ²¡æœ‰å®šä¹‰çš„åå—被作为å‚æ•°æ供，å¦åˆ™ alias
返回值为真。 定义 shell 函数。
创建一个以 NAME 为åçš„ shell 函数。当作为一个简å•çš„命令å¯ç”¨æ—¶ï¼Œ
NAME 函数执行调用 shell 的上下文ä¸çš„ COMMANDs 命令。当 NAME
被å¯ç”¨æ—¶ï¼Œå‚数作为 $1...$n è¢«ä¼ é€’ç»™å‡½æ•°ï¼Œå‡½æ•°çš„åå—储å˜åœ¨å˜é‡
$FUNCNAME ä¸ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸé™¤éž NAME 为åªè¯»ã€‚ æ˜¾ç¤ºç›®å½•æ ˆã€‚
显示当å‰è®°ä½çš„目录列表。通过 `pushd' 命令å¯ä»¥å°†ç›®å½•å˜å…¥åˆ—表
ä¸ï¼›`popd' 命令å¯ç”¨äºŽé历弹出列表。
选项：
-c åˆ é™¤æ‰€æœ‰å…ƒç´ ä»¥æ¸…ç©ºç›®å½•æ ˆ
-l ä¸æ‰“å°ä¸Žä¸»ç›®å½•ç›¸å…³çš„波浪å·å‰ç¼€çš„目录
-p æ¯è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªæ¡ç›®æ‰“å°ç›®å½•æ ˆ
-v æ¯è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªæ¡ç›®ï¼Œä»¥æ ˆä¸ä½ç½®ä¸ºå‰ç¼€æ‰“å°ç›®å½•æ ˆ
å‚数：
+N 显示 dirs ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹å¯åŠ¨æ—¶æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„目录列表左起ä¸ç¬¬
N 个目录，从零开始。
-N 显示 dirs ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹å¯åŠ¨æ—¶æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„目录列表å³èµ·ä¸ç¬¬
N 个目录，从零开始。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者å‘生错误。 显示内建命令的相关信æ¯ã€‚
显示内建命令的简略信æ¯ã€‚如果指定了 PATTERN 模å¼ï¼Œ
ç»™å‡ºæ‰€æœ‰åŒ¹é… PATTERN 模å¼çš„命令的详细帮助，å¦åˆ™æ‰“
å°ä¸€ä¸ªå¸®åŠ©ä¸»é¢˜åˆ—表
选项：
-d 输出æ¯ä¸ªä¸»é¢˜çš„简çŸæè¿°
-m 以伪 man æ‰‹å†Œçš„æ ¼å¼æ˜¾ç¤ºä½¿ç”¨æ–¹æ³•
-s 为æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªåŒ¹é… PATTERN 模å¼çš„主题仅显示一个用法
简介
å‚数：
PATTERN Pattern 模å¼æŒ‡å®šä¸€ä¸ªå¸®åŠ©ä¸»é¢˜
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž PATTERN 模å¼æ²¡æœ‰æ‰¾åˆ°æˆ–è€…ä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— æ•ˆé€‰é¡¹ã€‚ 显示命令类型的信æ¯ã€‚
对于æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª NAME å称，指示如果作为命令它将如何被解释。
选项：
-a 显示所有包å«å称为 NAME çš„å¯æ‰§è¡Œæ–‡ä»¶çš„ä½ç½®ï¼›
包括别åã€å†…建和函数。仅当 `-p' 选项没有使用时
-f 抑制 shell 函数查询
-P 为æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称惊醒 PATH 路径æœç´¢ï¼Œå³ä½¿å®ƒæ˜¯åˆ«åã€
内建或函数，并且返回将被执行的ç£ç›˜ä¸Šæ–‡ä»¶çš„å称。
-p 返回将被执行的ç£ç›˜ä¸Šæ–‡ä»¶çš„å称，或者当 `type -t NAME'
ä¸è¿”回 `file' 时，ä¸è¿”回任何值。
-t 返回下列è¯ä¸çš„任何一个 `alias'ã€`keyword'ã€
`function'ã€`builtin'ã€`file' 或者 `'，相应地如果 NAME 是
一个别åã€shell ä¿ç•™å—ã€shell 函数ã€shell 内建ã€
ç£ç›˜æ–‡ä»¶æˆ–没有找到。
å‚数：
NAME å°†è¦è§£æžçš„命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
如果所有的 NAME 命令都找到则返回æˆåŠŸï¼›ä»»ä½•ä¸€ä¸ªæ‰¾ä¸åˆ°åˆ™å¤±è´¥ã€‚ 从历å²åˆ—表ä¸æ˜¾ç¤ºæˆ–者执行命令。
fc 被用于从历å²åˆ—表ä¸åˆ—出或者é‡æ–°ç¼–辑并执行命令。
FIRST å’Œ LAST å˜é‡å¯ä»¥æ˜¯æ•°å—用于指定范围，或者 FIRST å¯ä»¥æ˜¯
å—符串，æ„味ç€ä»¥è¿™ä¸ªå—符串打头的最近的一个命令。
选项：
-e ENAME 选择使用哪个编辑器。默认的是 FCEDIT, 然åŽæ˜¯ EDITOR，
然åŽæ˜¯ vi
-l 列出行而ä¸ç¼–辑
-n 列举时çœç•¥è¡Œå·
-r å转行的顺åº(最新行在å‰)
用 `fc -s [模å¼=æ›¿æ¢ ...] [命令]' çš„æ ¼å¼ï¼ŒCOMMAND 命令会在 OLD=NEW
替æ¢ä¹‹åŽè¢«é‡æ–°æ‰§è¡Œã€‚
r='fc -s' 是一个有用的别åï¼Œè¿™æ ·çš„è¯è¾“å…¥ `r cc'会执行最åŽä¸€ä¸ªä»¥ `cc'
开头的命令，输入 `r'会é‡æ–°æ‰§è¡Œæœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œæˆ–者执行的命令的状æ€ï¼›å¦‚果错误å‘生则返回éžé›¶ã€‚ 显示或设定文件模å¼æŽ©ç 。
设定用户文件创建掩ç 为 MODE 模å¼ã€‚如果çœç•¥äº† MODE，则
打å°å½“å‰æŽ©ç 的值。
如果 MODE 模å¼ä»¥æ•°å—开头，则被当作八进制数解æžï¼›å¦åˆ™æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ª
chmod(1) å¯æŽ¥æ”¶çš„符å·æ¨¡å¼ä¸²ã€‚
选项：
-p 如果çœç•¥ MODE 模å¼ï¼Œä»¥å¯é‡ç”¨ä¸ºè¾“å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼è¾“å…¥
-S 以符å·å½¢å¼è¾“出，å¦åˆ™ä»¥å…«è¿›åˆ¶æ•°æ ¼å¼è¾“出
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的 MODE 模å¼æˆ–者选项。 ä¾æ®é€‰é¡¹æ˜¾ç¤ºå¯èƒ½çš„补全。
æ„图在能产生å¯èƒ½çš„补全的 shell 函数内部使用。
如果æ供了å¯é€‰çš„ WORD å‚数，则产生按照 WORD
进行的匹é…。
退出状æ€ï¼š
除éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效选项或者错误å‘生，å¦åˆ™è¿”回æˆåŠŸã€‚ 显示进程时间
æ‰“å° shell åŠå…¶æ‰€æœ‰å进程的累计用户空间和
系统空间执行时间。
退出状æ€
总是æˆåŠŸã€‚ 显示任务状æ€ã€‚
列出活动的任务。JOBSPEC é™åˆ¶ä»…输出指定的任务。
ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹æ—¶ï¼Œæ‰€æœ‰æ´»åŠ¨ä»»åŠ¡çš„状æ€éƒ½ä¼šæ˜¾ç¤ºã€‚
选项：
-l 在æ£å¸¸ä¿¡æ¯åŸºç¡€ä¸Šåˆ—出进程å·
-n 仅列出上次通告之åŽæ”¹å˜äº†çŠ¶æ€çš„进程
-p 仅列出进程å·
-r é™åˆ¶ä»…输出è¿è¡Œä¸çš„任务
-s é™åˆ¶ä»…输出åœæ¢çš„任务
如果使用了 -x 选项，ARG å‚æ•°ä¸çš„所有任务声明会被替æ¢ä¸ºè¯¥ä»»åŠ¡
的进程组头领的进程å·ï¼Œç„¶åŽæ‰§è¡Œ COMMAND 命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者有错误å‘生。
如果使用 -x 选项，则返回 COMMAND 命令的退出状æ€ã€‚ 显示当å‰è®°ä½çš„目录列表。 目录
通过 `pushd' å‘½ä»¤åŠ å…¥è¿™ä¸ªåˆ—è¡¨ï¼›æ‚¨å¯ä»¥
使用 `popd' 命令对列表进行é历。
选项:
-c åˆ é™¤æ‰€æœ‰å…ƒç´ ä»¥æ¸…é™¤ç›®å½•æ ˆ
-l ä¸æ‰“å°ä¸Žå®¶ç›®å½•ç›¸å…³çš„以波浪å·
为å‰ç¼€çš„目录
-p æ¯è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªæ¡ç›®æ‰“å°ç›®å½•æ ˆ
-v ä»¥æ ˆä½ç½®ä¸ºå‰ç¼€ï¼Œæ¯è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªæ¡ç›®
打å°ç›®å½•æ ˆ
å‚æ•°:
+N 以 dirs ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹è¾“出的顺åºæ˜¾ç¤ºåˆ—表从左起第N个æ¡ç›®ï¼Œ
从 0 开始。
-N 以 dirs ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹è¾“出的顺åºæ˜¾ç¤ºåˆ—表从å³èµ·ç¬¬N个项目，
从 0 开始。 å·²å®Œæˆ å·²å®Œæˆ(%d) 模拟器陷阱指令 å¯ç”¨å’Œç¦ç”¨ shell 内建。
å¯ç”¨å’Œç¦ç”¨ shell 的内建命令。ç¦ç”¨ä½¿æ‚¨èƒ½å¤Ÿæ‰§è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªå’Œå†…建
命令åŒåçš„ç£ç›˜ä¸Šçš„å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œè€Œæ— é¡»ä½¿ç”¨å®Œæ•´çš„è·¯å¾„å。
选项：
-a 打å°ä¸€ä¸ªå†…建的列表，并显示其ä¸æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªæ˜¯å¦å¯ç”¨
-n ç¦ç”¨æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª NAME 内建或者显示一个被ç¦ç”¨çš„内建的列表
-p 以å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼æ‰“å°ä¸€ä¸ªå†…建的列表
-s 仅打å°Posix `special' 内建的å称
控制动æ€åŠ 载的选项：
-f 从共享对象 FILENAME 文件ä¸åŠ è½½ NAME 内建
-d åˆ é™¤ä»¥ -f é€‰é¡¹åŠ è½½çš„å†…å»º
ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹æ—¶ï¼Œæ¯ä¸€ä¸ª NAME 内建都被å¯ç”¨ã€‚
如果è¦ä½¿ç”¨ $PATH ä¸æ‰¾åˆ°çš„ `test' 而ä¸æ˜¯ shell 内建的版本，
输入 `enable -n test'。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž NAME ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ª shell 内建或者有错误å‘生。 估值算术表达å¼ã€‚
表达å¼æŒ‰ç…§ç®—术法则进行估值。
ç‰ä»·äºŽ "let 表达å¼".
退出状æ€
如果表达å¼ä¼°å€¼ä¸º0则返回 1ï¼›å¦åˆ™è¿”回0。 估值算术表达å¼ã€‚
å°†æ¯ä¸ª ARG å‚赛作为算术表达å¼æ¥ä¼°å€¼ã€‚估值的计算以定宽的整
数完æˆï¼Œä¸å¸¦æº¢å‡ºæ£€æµ‹ï¼Œä¸è¿‡é™¤ 0 是被置陷阱的并且会报一个错
误。下列æ“作符被按照相åŒçš„算术优先级组åˆã€‚列表的顺åºæŒ‰ç…§
优先级从高至低。
id++, id-- å˜é‡åŽç½®åŠ ，åŽç½®å‡
++id, --id å˜é‡å‰ç½®åŠ ，å‰ç½®å‡
-, + 一元å‡æ³•ï¼Œä¸€å…ƒåŠ 法
!, ~ 逻辑和ä½å–å
** 指数
*, /, % 乘法，除法，å–余数
+, - å¢žåŠ ï¼Œå‡å°‘
<<, >> å‘左和å‘å³æŒ‰ä½ç§»ä½
<=, >=, <, > 比较
==, != ç‰äºŽï¼Œä¸ç‰äºŽ
& 按ä½ä¸Ž
^ 按ä½å¼‚或
| 按ä½æˆ–
&& 逻辑与
|| 逻辑或
expr ? expr : expr
æ¡ä»¶æ“作符
=, *=, /=, %=,
+=, -=, <<=, >>=,
&=, ^=, |= 赋值
Shell å˜é‡å…许作为æ“作数。表达å¼ä¸çš„å˜é‡çš„å称会被å–代以值
(强制转æ¢ä¸ºå®šå®½çš„æ•´æ•°)。表达å¼ä¸çš„å˜é‡ä¸éœ€è¦æ‰“开整数属性。
æ“作符按照优先级进行估值。括å·ä¸çš„å表达å¼å°†è¢«å…ˆä¼°å€¼ï¼Œå¹¶å¯å–代上述表达å¼è§„则。
退出状æ€ï¼š
如果最åŽä¸€ä¸ª ARG å‚数估值为 0，则 let 返回 1ï¼› å¦åˆ™ let 返回 0。 对æ¡ä»¶è¡¨è¾¾å¼è¿›è¡Œä¼°å€¼ã€‚
æ ¹æ® EXPR 表达å¼çš„ä¼°å€¼ä»¥çŠ¶æ€ 0 (真) 或 1 (伪) 退出。
表达å¼å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä¸€å…ƒæˆ–者二元的。一元表达å¼é€šå¸¸ç”¨äºŽæ£€æµ‹
文件状æ€ã€‚åŒæ—¶è¿˜æœ‰å—符串æ“作符和数å—比较æ“作符。
文件æ“作符：
-a 文件 如果文件å˜åœ¨åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
-b 文件 如果文件为å—特殊文件则为真。
-c 文件 如果文件为å—符特殊文件则为真。
-d 文件 如果文件为目录则为真。
-e 文件 如果文件å˜åœ¨åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
-f 文件 如果文件å˜åœ¨ä¸”为常规文件则为真。
-g 文件 如果文件的组属性设置打开则为真。
-h 文件 如果文件为符å·é“¾æŽ¥åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
-L 文件 如果文件为符å·é“¾æŽ¥åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
-k 文件 如果文件的粘滞 (sticky) ä½è®¾å®šåˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
-p 文件 如果文件为命å管é“则为真。
-r 文件 如果文件对于您是å¯è¯»çš„则为真。
-s 文件 如果文件å˜åœ¨ä¸”ä¸ä¸ºç©ºåˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
-S 文件 如果文件是套接å—则为真。
-t 文件æ述符 如果文件æ述符在一个终端上打开则为真。
-u 文件 如果文件的用户数行设置打开则为真。
-w 文件 如果文件对您是å¯å†™çš„则为真
-x 文件 如果文件对您是å¯æ‰§è¡Œçš„则为真。
-O 文件 如果文件是被您所有的则为真。
-G 文件 如果文件被您的组所有则为真。
-N 文件 如果文件上次被读å–之åŽä¿®æ”¹è¿‡åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
FILE1 -nt FILE2 如果 file1 文件新于 file2 文件则为真(æ ¹æ®
修改日期)。
FILE1 -ot FILE2 如果 file1 文件旧于 file2 文件则为真。
FILE1 -ef FILE2 如果 file1 文件是 file2 文件的硬链接则为真。
å—符串æ“作符
-z å—符串 如果å—符串为空则为真。
-n å—符串
å—符串 如果å—符串ä¸ä¸ºç©ºåˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
STRING1 = STRING2
如果 string1 å’Œ string2 å—符串相åŒåˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
STRING1 != STRING2
如果 string1 å’Œ string2 å—符串ä¸ç›¸åŒåˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
STRING1 < STRING2
如果按å—å…¸æŽ’åº string1 在 string2 串之å‰åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
STRING1 > STRING2
如果按å—å…¸æŽ’åº string1 在 string2 串之å‰åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
其他æ“作符：
-o 选项 如果指定 shell 选项å¯ç”¨åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
-v VAR 如果指定 Shell å˜é‡ VAR 已赋值则为真。
-R VAR 如果指定 Shell å˜é‡ VAR 已赋值且为å称引用则为真。
! EXPR å¦‚æžœè¡¨è¾¾å¼ expr 为å‡åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸã€‚
EXPR1 -a EXPR2 如果 expr1 和 expr2 都为真则为真。
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 如果 expr1 和 expr2 有一个为真则为真。
arg1 OP arg2 算术测试。OPæ“作符å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ -eqã€-neã€
-ltã€-leã€-gtã€æˆ– -ge ä¸çš„一个。
二元算术æ“作返回真，如果 ARG1 å‚æ•°ç‰äºŽã€ä¸ç‰äºŽã€
å°äºŽã€å°äºŽç‰äºŽã€å¤§äºŽã€æˆ–者大于ç‰äºŽ ARG2 å‚数。
退出状æ€ï¼š
如果 EXPR 表达å¼ä¼°å€¼ä¸ºçœŸåˆ™è¿”回æˆåŠŸï¼›å¦‚æžœ EXPR 表达å¼ä¼°å€¼
为å‡æˆ–è€…ä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— æ•ˆçš„å‚数则返回失败。 估值æ¡ä»¶è¡¨è¾¾å¼ã€‚
是内建命令 "test" çš„åŒä¹‰è¯ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯æœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ªå‚数必须是
å—符 `]'，以匹é…起始的 `['。 执行一个简å•å‘½ä»¤æˆ–者显示命令的相关信æ¯ã€‚
带 ARGS å‚æ•°è¿è¡Œ COMMAND 命令且抑制 shell 函数查询，或显示
指定的 COMMAND 命令的信æ¯ã€‚å¯ä»¥åœ¨å˜åœ¨ç›¸åŒå称的函数定义的
情况下被用于å¯åŠ¨ç£ç›˜ä¸Šçš„命令。
选项：
-p 使用 PATH å˜é‡çš„一个默认值以确ä¿æ‰€æœ‰çš„æ ‡å‡†å·¥å…·éƒ½èƒ½è¢«æ‰¾åˆ°ã€‚
-v æ‰“å° COMMAND 命令的æ述，和 `type' 内建相似
-V 打å°æ¯ä¸ª COMMAND 命令的详细æè¿°
退出状æ€
返回 COMMAND 命令的返回状æ€ï¼Œæˆ–者当找ä¸åˆ° COMMAND 命令时失败。 å°†å‚数作为 shell 命令执行。
å°† ARGs åˆæˆä¸€ä¸ªå—符串，用结果作为 shell 的输入，
并且执行得到的命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
以命令的状æ€é€€å‡ºï¼Œæˆ–者在命令为空的情况下返回æˆåŠŸã€‚ 当测试ä¸åŒè¿‡æ—¶æ‰§è¡Œå‘½ä»¤ã€‚
`until' COMMANDS 命令的最终命令返回状æ€ä¸ä¸º 0 时，
展开并执行 COMMANDS 命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ åªè¦æµ‹è¯•æˆåŠŸå³æ‰§è¡Œå‘½ä»¤ã€‚
åªè¦åœ¨ `while' COMMANDS ä¸çš„最终命令返回结果为0，则
展开并执行 COMMANDS 命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ æ ¹æ®æ¡ä»¶æ‰§è¡Œå‘½ä»¤ã€‚
`if COMMANDS'列表被执行。如果退出状æ€ä¸ºé›¶ï¼Œåˆ™æ‰§è¡Œ`then COMMANDS'
列表。å¦åˆ™æŒ‰é¡ºåºæ‰§è¡Œæ¯ä¸ª `elif COMMANDS'列表，并且如果它的退出状æ€ä¸º
零，则执行对应的 `then COMMANDS' 列表并且 if 命令终æ¢ã€‚å¦åˆ™å¦‚æžœå˜åœ¨çš„
情况下，执行 `else COMMANDS'列表。整个结构的退出状æ€æ˜¯æœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œ
的命令的状æ€ï¼Œæˆ–者如果没有æ¡ä»¶æµ‹è¯•ä¸ºçœŸçš„è¯ï¼Œä¸ºé›¶ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ 基于模å¼åŒ¹é…æ¥æ‰§è¡Œå‘½ä»¤ã€‚
基于 PATTERN 模å¼åŒ¹é…çš„è¯ WORD，有选择的执行 COMMANDS 命令。
`|' 用于分隔多个模å¼ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ 为列表ä¸çš„æ¯ä¸ªæˆå‘˜æ‰§è¡Œå‘½ä»¤ã€‚
`for' 循环为列表ä¸çš„æ¯ä¸ªæˆå‘˜æ‰§è¡Œä¸€ç³»åˆ—的命令。如果没有
`in WORDS ...;'则å‡å®šä½¿ç”¨ `in "$@"'。对于 WORDS ä¸çš„æ¯
ä¸ªå…ƒç´ ï¼ŒNAME è¢«è®¾å®šä¸ºè¯¥å…ƒç´ ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”æ‰§è¡Œ COMMANDS 命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ åœ¨å½“å‰ shell ä¸æ‰§è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªæ–‡ä»¶ä¸çš„命令。
åœ¨å½“å‰ shell ä¸è¯»å–并执行 FILENAME 文件ä¸çš„命令。$PATH å˜é‡ä¸çš„
æ¡ç›®è¢«ç”¨äºŽå¯»æ‰¾åŒ…å« FILENAME 文件的目录。如果æ供了任何的 ARGUMENTS
å‚数，则它们将æˆä¸º FILENAME 文件执行时的ä½ç½®å‚数。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回 FILENAME 文件ä¸æœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤çš„状æ€ï¼›å¦‚æžœ FILENAME 文件ä¸å¯è¯»åˆ™å¤±è´¥ã€‚ 执行æ¡ä»¶å‘½ä»¤ã€‚
æ ¹æ®æ¡ä»¶è¡¨è¾¾å¼ EXPRESSION 的估值返回状æ€0或1。表达å¼æŒ‰ç…§
`test' 内建的相åŒæ¡ä»¶ç»„æˆï¼Œæˆ–者å¯ä»¥æœ‰ä¸‹åˆ—æ“作符连接而æˆï¼š
( EXPRESSION ) 返回 EXPRESSION 表达å¼çš„值
! EXPRESSION 如果 EXPRESSION表达å¼ä¸ºå‡åˆ™ä¸ºçœŸï¼Œå¦åˆ™ä¸ºå‡
EXPR1 && EXPR2 如果 EXPR1 å’Œ EXPR2 表达å¼å‡ä¸ºçœŸåˆ™ä¸ºçœŸï¼Œå¦åˆ™ä¸ºå‡
EXPR1 || EXPR2 如果 EXPR1 å’Œ EXPR2 表达å¼ä¸æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªä¸ºçœŸåˆ™ä¸ºçœŸï¼Œå¦åˆ™ä¸ºå‡
当使用 `==' å’Œ `!=' æ“作符时，æ“作符å³è¾¹çš„å—符串被用作模å¼å¹¶ä¸”执行一个
匹é…。当使用 `=~' æ“作符时，æ“作符å³è¾¹çš„å—符串被当作æ£åˆ™è¡¨è¾¾å¼æ¥è¿›è¡Œ
匹é…。
æ“作符 && å’Œ || å°†ä¸å¯¹ EXPR2 表达å¼è¿›è¡Œä¼°å€¼ï¼Œå¦‚æžœ EXPR1 表达å¼è¶³å¤Ÿç¡®å®š
整个表达å¼çš„值。
退出状æ€ï¼š
æ ¹æ® EXPRESSION 的值为0或1。 执行 shell 内建。
带å‚æ•° ARGs 执行 SHELL-BUILTIN 内建，并且ä¸åšå‘½ä»¤æŸ¥è¯¢
在希望以 shell 函数的形å¼æ¥é‡æ–°å®žçŽ° shell 内建，
并且希望在函数之内执行该 shell 内建的情况下有用处。
退出状æ€ï¼š
以 SHELL-BUILTIN 内建的退出状æ€ä¸ºå‡†ï¼Œæˆ–者如果 SHELL-BUILTINä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ª shell 内建时
为å‡ã€‚. 退出 %d 退出一个登录 shell.
ä»¥çŠ¶æ€ N 退出一个登录 shell。如果ä¸åœ¨ç™»å½• shell ä¸æ‰§è¡Œï¼Œåˆ™
返回一个错误。 退出 forã€while 或 until 循环
退出一个 FORã€WHILE 或 UNTIL 循环。如果指定了N，则跳出Né‡
循环
退出状æ€ï¼š
退出状æ€ä¸º0é™¤éž N ä¸å¤§äºŽæˆ–ç‰äºŽ 1。 退出shell。
ä»¥çŠ¶æ€ N 退出 shell。 如果 N 被çœç•¥ï¼Œåˆ™é€€å‡ºçŠ¶æ€
为最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的退出状æ€ã€‚ 文件é™åˆ¶ 浮点数异常 在 FORMAT çš„æŽ§åˆ¶ä¸‹æ ¼å¼åŒ–å¹¶æ‰“å° ARGUMENTS å‚数。
选项：
-v var 将输出赋值给 shell å˜é‡ VAR 而ä¸æ˜¾ç¤ºåœ¨æ ‡å‡†è¾“出上
FORMAT 是包å«ä¸‰ç§å¯¹è±¡çš„å—符串：简å•åœ°è¢«æ‹·è´åˆ°æ ‡å‡†è¾“出的普通å—符；
被å˜æ¢ä¹‹åŽæ‹·è´åˆ°æ ‡å‡†è¾“入的转义å—符；以åŠæ¯ä¸ªéƒ½ä¼šå½±å“到下个å‚数的打å°çš„æ ¼å¼åŒ–声明。
在 printf(1) ä¸æè¿°çš„æ ‡å‡†æŽ§åˆ¶å£°æ˜Žä¹‹å¤–ï¼Œprintf 解æžï¼š
%b 扩展对应å‚æ•°ä¸çš„åæ–œæ 转义åºåˆ—
%q 以å¯ä½œä¸º shell è¾“å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼å¼•ç”¨å‚æ•°
%(fmt)T 以 FMT 为供给 strftime(3) çš„æ ¼å¼è¾“出日期时间å—符串
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者写或赋值错误å‘生。 GNU bash，版本 %s (%s)
GNU bash，版本 %s-(%s)
GNU 长选项:
使用 GNU 软件的通用帮助：
将命令组åˆä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªå•å…ƒã€‚
è¿è¡Œç»„ä¸çš„命令集åˆã€‚这是对整个命令集åˆ
åšé‡å®šå‘的方法之一。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ HFT å¾…è¾“å…¥æ•°æ® å·²æŽˆäºˆ HFT ç›‘è§†æ¨¡å¼ å·²æ’¤é”€ HFT ç›‘è§†æ¨¡å¼ å·²å®Œæˆ HFT 声音åºåˆ— HOME 未设定 æŒ‚æ– æ²¡æœ‰åå—ï¼ I/O 就绪 éžæ³•çš„指令 ä¿¡æ¯è¯·æ±‚ ä¸æ– å·²æ€æ» 许å¯è¯ GPLv3+: GNU GPL 许å¯è¯ç¬¬ä¸‰ç‰ˆæˆ–者更新版本
æ ‡è®° shell å˜é‡ä¸ºä¸å¯æ”¹å˜ã€‚
æ ‡è®°æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª NAME å称为åªè¯»ï¼›è¿™äº› NAME å˜é‡çš„值将ä¸å¯ä»¥è¢«åŽç»çš„赋值
æ“作所改å˜ã€‚如果æ供了 VALUEï¼Œåˆ™åœ¨æ ‡è®°ä¸ºåªè¯»ä¹‹å‰å°† VALUE 值赋给å˜é‡ã€‚
选项：
-a æŒ‡ä¸‹æ ‡æ•°ç»„å˜é‡
-A 指关è”æ•°ç»„æ ‡é‡
-f 指 shell 函数
-p 显示åªè¯»å˜é‡æˆ–函数列表，å–决于是å¦æ供了 -f 选项
`--' çš„å‚æ•°ç¦ç”¨è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„选项处ç†ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者 NAME å称。 修改或显示补全选项。
修改æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称的补全选项，或如果没有æä¾› NAME å称，执行当å‰çš„补全。
如果ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹ï¼Œæ‰“å°æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称的补全选项或当å‰çš„补全声明。
选项：
-o option 为æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称设定补全选项 option
-D 为 "default" 命令补全改å˜é€‰é¡¹
-E 为 "empty" 命令补全改å˜é€‰é¡¹
使用 `+o' 而ä¸æ˜¯ `-o' å¯ä»¥å…³é—指定的选项。
å‚数：
æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称都对应一个之å‰ä»¥é€šè¿‡ `complete' 内建定义了的补全声明的
命令。如果ä¸æä¾› NAME å称，当å‰ç”Ÿæˆè¡¥å…¨çš„函数必须调用 compopt，
并且当å‰æ‰§è¡Œçš„补全生æˆå™¨é€‰é¡¹ä¼šè¢«ä¿®æ”¹ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者 NAME å称没有定义补全声明。 修改 shell 资æºé™åˆ¶ã€‚
在å…许æ¤ç±»æŽ§åˆ¶çš„系统上，æ供对于 shell åŠå…¶åˆ›å»ºçš„进程所å¯ç”¨çš„
资æºçš„控制。
选项：
-S 使用软 (`soft') 资æºé™åˆ¶
-H 使用硬 (`hard') 资æºé™åˆ¶
-a 所有当å‰é™åˆ¶éƒ½è¢«æŠ¥å‘Š
-b 套接å—缓å˜å°ºå¯¸
-c åˆ›å»ºçš„æ ¸æ–‡ä»¶çš„æœ€å¤§å°ºå¯¸
-d 一个进程的数æ®åŒºçš„最大尺寸
-e 最高的调度优先级 (`nice')
-f 有 shell åŠå…¶å进程å¯ä»¥å†™çš„最大文件尺寸
-i 最多的å¯ä»¥æŒ‚èµ·çš„ä¿¡å·æ•°
-k 分é…ç»™æ¤è¿›ç¨‹çš„最大 kqueue æ•°é‡
-l 一个进程å¯ä»¥é”定的最大内å˜å°ºå¯¸
-m 最大的内å˜è¿›é©»å°ºå¯¸
-n 最多的打开的文件æ述符个数
-p 管é“缓冲区尺寸
-q POSIX ä¿¡æ¯é˜Ÿåˆ—的最大å—节数
-r 实时调度的最大优先级
-s æœ€å¤§æ ˆå°ºå¯¸
-t 最大的CPU时间，以秒为å•ä½
-u 最大用户进程数
-v 虚拟内å˜å°ºå¯¸
-x 最大的文件é”æ•°é‡
-P 最大伪终端数é‡
-T 最大线程数é‡
并éžæ‰€æœ‰é€‰é¡¹åœ¨æ‰€æœ‰ç³»ç»Ÿä¸Šå¯ç”¨ã€‚
如果æ供了 LIMIT å˜é‡ï¼Œåˆ™å®ƒä¸ºæŒ‡å®šèµ„æºçš„新的值；特别的 LIMIT 值为
`soft'ã€`hard'å’Œ`unlimited'，分别表示当å‰çš„软é™åˆ¶ï¼Œç¡¬é™åˆ¶å’Œæ— é™åˆ¶ã€‚
å¦åˆ™æ‰“å°æŒ‡å®šèµ„æºçš„当å‰é™åˆ¶å€¼ï¼Œä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹åˆ™å‡å®šä¸º -f
å–值都是 1024 å—节为å•ä½ï¼Œé™¤äº† -t 以秒为å•ä½ï¼Œ-p 以 512 å—节递增，
-u ä¸ºæ— èŒƒå›´çš„è¿›ç¨‹æ•°é‡ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者错误å‘生。 将任务移至å‰å°ã€‚
将以 JOB_SPEC æ ‡è¯†çš„ä»»åŠ¡æ”¾è‡³å‰å°ï¼Œä½¿å…¶æˆä¸º
当å‰ä»»åŠ¡ã€‚如果 JOB_SPEC ä¸å˜åœ¨ï¼Œshell 观念ä¸çš„当å‰ä»»åŠ¡
将被使用。
退出状æ€ï¼š
放至å‰å°çš„命令状æ€ï¼Œæˆ–者当错误å‘生时为失败。 移动任务至åŽå°ã€‚
å°† JOB_SPEC æ ‡è¯†çš„ä»»åŠ¡æ”¾è‡³åŽå°ï¼Œå°±åƒå®ƒä»¬
是带 `&' å¯åŠ¨çš„ä¸€æ ·ã€‚å¦‚æžœ JOB_SPEC ä¸å˜åœ¨ï¼Œshell 观念ä¸çš„
当å‰ä»»åŠ¡å°†ä¼šè¢«ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸé™¤éžä»»åŠ¡ç®¡ç†æ²¡æœ‰å¯ç”¨æˆ–者错误å‘生。 空的命令。
没有效果； æ¤å‘½ä»¤ä¸åšä»»ä½•æ“作。
退出状æ€ï¼š
总是æˆåŠŸã€‚ OLDPWD 未设定 解æžé€‰é¡¹å‚数。
Getopts 被 shell 过程用于解æžå¯å®šä½çš„å‚数作为选项。
OPTSTRING å—符串包å«å¾…识别的选项å—æ¯ï¼›å¦‚果一个å—æ¯åŽé¢è·Ÿ
ç€åˆ†å·ï¼Œåˆ™è¯¥é€‰é¡¹éœ€è¦ä¸€ä¸ªå‚数，而该å‚æ•°åº”ç”¨ç©ºæ ¼ä¸Žé€‰é¡¹åˆ†å¼€ã€‚
æ¯æ¬¡å¯åŠ¨æ—¶ï¼Œgetopts 会将下一个选项放到 shell å˜é‡ $name
ä¸ï¼Œå¦‚æžœ name å˜é‡ä¸å˜åœ¨åˆ™å…ˆå°†å…¶åˆå§‹åŒ–，而下一个待处
ç†çš„å‚æ•°åºå·æ”¾å…¥ shell å˜é‡ OPTIND ä¸ã€‚OPTIND å˜é‡åœ¨æ¯
次 shell 或者 shell 脚本å¯åŠ¨æ—¶éƒ½è¢«åˆå§‹åŒ–为1。当一个选项è¦
求有一个å‚数时，getopts å°†å‚数放入 shell å˜é‡ OPTARG
ä¸ã€‚
getopts 有两ç§æŠ¥å‘Šé”™è¯¯çš„方法。如果 OPTSTRING å˜é‡çš„第
一个å—符是冒å·ï¼Œgetopts 使用沉默错误报告。在这ç§æ¨¡å¼
下，ä¸ä¼šæ‰“å°é”™è¯¯æ¶ˆæ¯ã€‚å¦‚æžœçœ‹åˆ°äº†ä¸€ä¸ªæ— æ•ˆçš„é€‰é¡¹ï¼Œ
getopts 将找到的选项å—符放至 OPTARG å˜é‡ä¸ã€‚如果一个必
须的选项没有找到，getopts 放一个 ':' 到 NAME å˜é‡ä¸å¹¶ä¸”设
ç½® OPTARG å˜é‡ä¸ºæ‰¾åˆ°çš„选项å—符。如果 getopts ä¸åœ¨æ²‰é»˜æ¨¡
å¼ä¸ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”é‡åˆ°äº†ä¸€ä¸ªæ— 效的选项，getopts 放置一个 '?' 到 NAME
å˜é‡ä¸å¹¶ä¸”å–消设定 OPTARGå˜é‡ã€‚如果必须的选项没有找到，
一个'?'会被放入 NAMEå˜é‡ä¸ï¼ŒOPTARG 将被å–消设定，并且会
打å°ä¸€ä¸ªè¯Šæ–ä¿¡æ¯ã€‚
如果 shell å˜é‡ OPTERR 的值为0，getopts ç¦ç”¨
错误信æ¯çš„打å°ï¼Œå³ä½¿ OPTSTRING å˜é‡çš„第一个å—符ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€
个冒å·ã€‚OPTERR 的默认值为1.
Getopts 通常解æžå¯å®šä½çš„å‚æ•°($0 - $9)，ä¸è¿‡å¦‚æžœæ供了
更多的å‚数，它们å而会被解æžã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
如果一个选项被找到则返回æˆåŠŸï¼›å¦‚æžœé‡åˆ°äº†é€‰é¡¹çš„结尾或者
有错误å‘生则返回失败。 打å°å½“å‰å·¥ä½œç›®å½•çš„åå—。
选项：
-L æ‰“å° $PWD å˜é‡çš„值，如果它包å«äº†å½“å‰çš„工作目录
-P 打å°å½“å‰çš„物ç†è·¯å¾„，ä¸å¸¦æœ‰ä»»ä½•çš„符å·é“¾æŽ¥
默认情况下，`pwd' 的行为和带 `-L' 选项一致
退出状æ€ï¼š
除éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效选项或者当å‰ç›®å½•ä¸å¯è¯»ï¼Œå¦åˆ™è¿”回状æ€ä¸º0。 退出 ä»Žæ ‡å‡†è¾“å…¥è¯»å–一行并将其分为ä¸åŒçš„域。
ä»Žæ ‡å‡†è¾“å…¥è¯»å–å•ç‹¬çš„一行，或者如果使用了 -u 选项，从文件æ述符 FD ä¸è¯»å–。
该行被分割æˆåŸŸï¼Œå¦‚åŒè¯è¯åˆ†å‰²ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”第一个è¯è¢«èµ‹å€¼ç»™ç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ª NAME å˜é‡ï¼Œç¬¬äºŒ
个è¯è¢«èµ‹å€¼ç»™ç¬¬äºŒä¸ª NAME å˜é‡ï¼Œå¦‚æ¤ç»§ç»ï¼Œç›´åˆ°å‰©ä¸‹æ‰€æœ‰çš„è¯è¢«èµ‹å€¼ç»™æœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ª NAME
å˜é‡ã€‚åªæœ‰ $IFS å˜é‡ä¸çš„å—符被认作是è¯è¯åˆ†éš”符。
如果没有æä¾› NAME å˜é‡ï¼Œåˆ™è¯»å–的行被å˜æ”¾åœ¨ REPLY å˜é‡ä¸ã€‚
选项：
-a array å°†è¯è¯èµ‹å€¼ç»™ ARRAY 数组å˜é‡çš„åºåˆ—ä¸‹æ ‡æˆå‘˜ï¼Œä»Žé›¶å¼€å§‹ã€‚
-d delim æŒç»è¯»å–直到读入 DELIM å˜é‡ä¸çš„第一个å—符，而ä¸æ˜¯æ¢è¡Œç¬¦
-e åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªäº¤äº’å¼ shell ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ Readline 获å–è¡Œ
-i text 使用 TEXT 文本作为 Readline çš„åˆå§‹æ–‡å—
-n nchars è¯»å– nchars 个å—符之åŽè¿”回，而ä¸æ˜¯ç‰åˆ°è¯»å–æ¢è¡Œç¬¦ã€‚
但是分隔符ä»ç„¶æœ‰æ•ˆï¼Œå¦‚æžœé‡åˆ°åˆ†éš”符之å‰è¯»å–了ä¸è¶³ nchars 个å—符。
-N nchars 在准确读å–了 nchars 个å—符之åŽè¿”回，除éžé‡åˆ°æ–‡ä»¶ç»“æŸç¬¦æˆ–者读超时，
任何的分隔符都被忽略
-p prompt 在å°è¯•è¯»å–之å‰è¾“出 PROMPT æ示符并且ä¸å¸¦
æ¢è¡Œç¬¦
-r ä¸å…许åæ–œæ 转义任何å—符
-s ä¸æ˜¾ç¤ºç»ˆç«¯çš„任何输入
-t timeout 如果在 TIMEOUT 秒内没有读å–一个完整的行则超时并且返回失败。
TMOUT å˜é‡çš„值是默认的超时时间。
TIMEOUT å¯ä»¥æ˜¯å°æ•°ã€‚如果 TIMEOUT 是 0，那么仅当在指定的文件æ述符上
输入有效的时候，read æ‰è¿”回æˆåŠŸã€‚
如果超过了超时时间，则返回状æ€ç 大于 128
-u fd 从文件æ述符 FD ä¸è¯»å–，而ä¸æ˜¯æ ‡å‡†è¾“å…¥
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回ç 为零，除éžé‡åˆ°äº†æ–‡ä»¶ç»“æŸç¬¦ï¼Œè¯»è¶…æ—¶ï¼Œæˆ–è€…æ— æ•ˆçš„æ–‡
件æ述符作为å‚æ•°ä¼ é€’ç»™äº† -u 选项。 从一个文件ä¸è¯»å–行到数组å˜é‡ä¸
一个 `mapfile'çš„åŒä¹‰è¯ã€‚ ä»Žæ ‡å‡†è¾“å…¥è¯»å–è¡Œåˆ°ä¸‹æ ‡æ•°ç»„å˜é‡ä¸ã€‚
ä»Žæ ‡å‡†è¾“å…¥è¯»å–è¡Œåˆ°ä¸‹æ ‡æ•°ç»„å˜é‡ ARRAY ä¸ï¼Œæˆ–者如果使用了 -u 选项，
从文件æ述符 FD ä¸è¯»å–。MAPFILE å˜é‡æ˜¯é»˜è®¤çš„ ARRAY å˜é‡ã€‚
选项：
-d delim 使用 DELIM 而éžæ¢è¡Œç¬¦æ–è¡Œ
-n count æœ€å¤šæ‹·è´ COUNT 行，如果 COUNT 为 0，则拷è´æ‰€æœ‰è¡Œã€‚
-O origin ä»Žä¸‹æ ‡ ORIGIN 开始 赋值给 ARRAY å˜é‡ã€‚é»˜è®¤ä¸‹æ ‡æ˜¯0.
-s count 丢弃最先读å–çš„ COUNT 行。
-t 从读å–çš„æ¯è¡Œæœ«å°¾åˆ 除一个æ¢è¡Œç¬¦ã€‚
-u fd 从文件æ述符 FD ä¸è¯»å–行而ä¸æ˜¯æ ‡å‡†è¾“入。
-C callback æ¯ QUANTUM 次读行之åŽå¯¹ CALLBACK 回调进行估值。
-c quantum 定义æ¯æ¬¡è°ƒç”¨ CALLBACK 回调之间读å–的行数。
å‚数：
ARRAY å˜å‚¨æ•°æ®ä½¿ç”¨çš„数组å˜é‡
如果使用了 -C 而没有 -c，默认的é‡å是5000。当对 CALLBACK 估值时，
ä¸‹ä¸€ä¸ªå°†è¢«èµ‹å€¼çš„æ•°ç»„å…ƒç´ çš„ä¸‹æ ‡ä½œä¸ºé¢å¤–å‚æ•°è¢«ä¼ é€’ã€‚
如果没有显å¼æŒ‡å®šèµ·å§‹ä¸‹æ ‡ï¼Œmapfile 将在赋值å‰æ¸…空 ARRAY å˜é‡ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项，或者 ARRAY å˜é‡åªè¯»æˆ–ä¸æ˜¯ä¸‹æ ‡æ•°ç»„。 è®°å½•é” è®°ä½æˆ–显示程åºä½ç½®ã€‚
确定并记ä½æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªç»™å®š NAME å称的命令的完整路径。
如果ä¸æä¾›å‚数，则显示已ç»è®°ä½çš„命令的信æ¯ã€‚
选项：
-d 忘记æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªå·²ç»è®°ä½çš„ NAME çš„ä½ç½®
-l 以å¯ä½œä¸ºè¾“å…¥é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼æ˜¾ç¤º
-p pathname 使用 pathname 路径作为 NAME 命令的全路径
-r 忘记所有记ä½çš„ä½ç½®
-t 打å°è®°ä½çš„æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª NAME å称的ä½ç½®ï¼Œå¦‚果指定了多个
NAME å称，则æ¯ä¸ªä½ç½®å‰é¢ä¼šåŠ 上相应的 NAME å称
å‚数：
NAME æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称会在 $PATH 路径å˜é‡ä¸è¢«æœç´¢ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”æ·»åŠ åˆ°è®°ä½çš„命令
列表ä¸ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž NAME å‘½ä»¤æ²¡æœ‰æ‰¾åˆ°æˆ–è€…ä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— æ•ˆçš„é€‰é¡¹ã€‚ ä»Žæ ˆä¸åˆ 除目录。
ä»Žç›®å½•æ ˆä¸åˆ 除æ¡ç›®ã€‚ä¸å¸¦å‚æ•°æ—¶ï¼Œåˆ é™¤æ ˆé¡¶ç›®å½•ï¼Œå¹¶æ”¹å˜è‡³æ–°çš„æ ˆ
顶目录。
选项：
-n æŠ‘åˆ¶ä»Žæ ˆä¸åˆ 除目录时通常的目录å˜æ¢æ“ä½œï¼Œä»Žè€Œä»…å¯¹æ ˆ
进行æ“作。
å‚数：
+N åˆ é™¤ç¬¬ N 个目录 (`dirs' 显示的目录列表ä¸å·¦èµ·ï¼Œä»Žé›¶å¼€å§‹)。
例如： `popd +0' åˆ é™¤ç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ªç›®å½•ï¼Œ`popd +1' åˆ é™¤ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªã€‚
-N åˆ é™¤ç¬¬ N 个目录 (`dirs' 显示的目录列表ä¸å³èµ·ï¼Œä»Žé›¶å¼€å§‹)。
例如： `popd -0' åˆ é™¤æœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ªç›®å½•ï¼Œï¼Œ`popd -1' åˆ é™¤å€’æ•°ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªã€‚
`dirs' å†…å»ºæ˜¾ç¤ºç›®å½•æ ˆã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的å‚数或者目录å˜æ¢å¤±è´¥ã€‚ 从别å定义列表ä¸åˆ 除æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªâ€œåå—â€ã€‚
选项：
-a åˆ é™¤æ‰€æœ‰çš„åˆ«å定义。
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžâ€œåå—“ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå·²å˜åœ¨çš„别å。 ä»Žå½“å‰ shell ä¸åˆ 除任务。
从活动任务表ä¸åˆ 除æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª JOBSPEC å‚数。ä¸å¸¦ä»»ä½•
JOBSPEC å‚数时，shell 使用观念ä¸çš„当å‰ä»»åŠ¡ã€‚
选项：
-a 如果ä¸æä¾› JOBSPEC å‚æ•°ï¼Œåˆ™åˆ é™¤æ‰€æœ‰ä»»åŠ¡
-h æ ‡è¯†æ¯ä¸ª JOBSPEC 任务，从而当 shell 接收到 SIGHUP
ä¿¡å·æ—¶ä¸å‘é€ SIGHUP 给指定任务
-r ä»…åˆ é™¤è¿è¡Œä¸çš„任务
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者 JOBSPEC 声明。 ä»Žç›®å½•æ ˆä¸åˆ 除æ¡ç›®ã€‚ä¸å¸¦å‚æ•°æ—¶ï¼Œåˆ é™¤
æ ˆé¡¶ç›®å½•å¹¶æ”¹å˜è‡³æ–°çš„æ ˆé¡¶ç›®å½•ã€‚
选项：
-n æŠ‘åˆ¶ä»Žæ ˆä¸åˆ 除目录时通常的改å˜ç›®å½•æ“作，
从而åªæœ‰æ ˆè¢«æ“作。
å‚数：
+N 从 `dirs' 输出的列表ä¸ï¼Œ
åˆ é™¤å·¦èµ·ç¬¬N个æ¡ç›®ï¼Œè®¡æ•°ä»Ž0开始。例如：`popd +0'
åˆ é™¤ç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ªç›®å½•ï¼Œ`popd +1' åˆ é™¤ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªã€‚
-N 从 `dirs' 输出的列表ä¸ï¼Œ
åˆ é™¤å³èµ·ç¬¬N个æ¡ç›®ï¼Œè®¡æ•°ä»Ž0开始，例如：`popd -0'
åˆ é™¤æœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ¡ç›®ï¼Œ`popd -1' åˆ é™¤å€’æ•°ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªã€‚
`dirs' 内建å˜é‡æ˜¾ç¤ºç›®å½•æ ˆã€‚ ä½¿ç”¨æŒ‡å®šå‘½ä»¤æ›¿æ¢ shell。
执行 COMMAND 命令，以指定的程åºæ›¿æ¢è¿™ä¸ª shell。
ARGUMENTS å‚æ•°æˆä¸º COMMAND命令的å‚数。如果
没有指定COMMAND 命令，则任何的é‡å®šå‘åœ¨å½“å‰ shell ä¸ç”Ÿæ•ˆã€‚
选项：
-a å称 作为第0个å‚æ•°ä¼ é€’ç»™ COMMAND 命令
-c 在一个空环境ä¸æ‰§è¡Œ COMMAND 命令
-l 在COMMAND 命令的第0个å‚æ•°ä¸åŠ 一个çŸçº¿
如果命令ä¸èƒ½è¢«æ‰§è¡Œï¼Œåˆ™é€€å‡ºä¸€ä¸ªéžäº¤äº’å¼çš„ shell，除éž
shell 选项`execfail' å·²ç»è®¾å®šã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸé™¤éž COMMAND 命令没有找到或者出现一个é‡å®šå‘错误。 报告管é“执行的消耗时间。
执行 PIPELINE å¹¶ä¸”æ‰“å° PIPELINE 终结时实际时间ã€ç”¨æˆ· CPU 时间和系统
CPU 时间的总结。
选项：
-p 用å¯è¿ç§»çš„ POSIX æ ¼å¼æ‰“å°ç”¨æ—¶æ€»ç»“。
TIMEFORMAT å˜é‡çš„å€¼è¢«ä½œä¸ºè¾“å‡ºæ ¼å¼ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回状æ€å³PIPELINE 的返回状æ€ã€‚ ç»§ç» forã€while 或 until 循环。
继ç»å½“å‰ FORã€WHILE 或 UNTIL 循环的下一æ¥ã€‚
如果指定了 N， 则继ç»å½“å‰çš„第 N é‡å¾ªçŽ¯ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
退出状æ€ä¸º 0 é™¤éž N ä¸å¤§äºŽæˆ–ç‰äºŽ1。 在å‰å°ç»§ç»ä»»åŠ¡
对于 JOB_SPEC å‚æ•°æ¥è¯´å’Œ `fg' 命令ç‰åŒã€‚继ç»ä¸€ä¸ª
åœæ¢çš„或者åŽå°ä»»åŠ¡ã€‚JOB_SPEC å¯ä»¥æŒ‡å®šä¸€ä¸ªä»»åŠ¡
åå—或任务å·ã€‚在 JOB_SPEC åŽåŠ 上一个 `&' 将会把
任务放至åŽå°ï¼Œå°±åƒä»»åŠ¡å£°æ˜Žè¢«ä½œä¸º `bg' 命令的å‚æ•°
æ‰§è¡Œä¸€æ ·ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回被继ç»çš„任务的状æ€ã€‚ 返回一个æˆåŠŸç»“果。
退出状æ€ï¼š
总是æˆåŠŸ 返回一个ä¸æˆåŠŸçš„结果。
退出状æ€ï¼š
总是失败。 从一个 shell 函数返回。
使一个函数或者被引用的脚本以指定的返回值 N 退出。
如果 N 被çœç•¥ï¼Œåˆ™è¿”回状æ€å°±æ˜¯
函数或脚本ä¸çš„最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回 N，或者如果 shell ä¸åœ¨æ‰§è¡Œä¸€ä¸ªå‡½æ•°æˆ–引用脚本时，失败。 返回当å‰å调用的上下文。
ä¸å¸¦æœ‰ EXPR 时，返回 "$line $filename"。带有 EXPR 时，返回
"$line $subroutine $filename"；这个é¢å¤–çš„ä¿¡æ¯å¯ä»¥è¢«ç”¨äºŽæä¾›
æ ˆè¿½è¸ªã€‚
EXPR 的值 显示了到当å‰è°ƒç”¨å¸§éœ€è¦å›žåŽ»å¤šå°‘个调用帧；顶部帧
是第 0 帧。
退出状æ€ï¼š
é™¤éž shell ä¸åœ¨æ‰§è¡Œä¸€ä¸ª shell 函数或者 EXPR æ— æ•ˆï¼Œå¦åˆ™è¿”回结
果为0。 返回当å‰å例程调用的上下文
ä¸å¸¦ EXPR 时，返回 è¿è¡Œä¸ 段错误 从列表ä¸é€‰å–è¯å¹¶ä¸”执行命令。
WORDS å˜é‡è¢«å±•å¼€ï¼Œç”Ÿæˆä¸€ä¸ªè¯çš„列表。展开的è¯é›†åˆè¢«æ‰“å°
åœ¨æ ‡å‡†é”™è¯¯è¾“å‡ºè®¾å¤‡ä¸Šï¼Œæ¯ä¸ªä»¥ä¸€ä¸ªæ•°å—åšå‰ç¼€ã€‚如果没有 `in WORDS'
则å‡å®šä½¿ç”¨`in "$@"'。PS3æç¤ºç¬¦ä¼šè¢«æ˜¾ç¤ºå¹¶ä¸”ä»Žæ ‡å‡†è¾“å…¥è¯»å…¥ä¸€è¡Œ
如果该行由被显示的è¯å¯¹åº”çš„æ•°å—组æˆï¼Œåˆ™ NAME å˜é‡è¢«è®¾å®šä¸ºç›¸åº”
çš„è¯ã€‚如果行为空，则 WORDS å˜é‡å’Œæ示符被é‡æ–°æ˜¾ç¤ºã€‚如果读å–了
文件结æŸç¬¦ï¼Œåˆ™å‘½ä»¤å®Œæˆã€‚读入任何其他的值会导致 NAME å˜é‡è¢«è®¾å®š
为空。读入的行被å˜æ”¾åœ¨å˜é‡ REPLY ä¸ã€‚COMMANDS 命令在æ¯æ¬¡é€‰æ‹©
之åŽæ‰§è¡Œç›´åˆ°æ‰§è¡Œä¸€ä¸ª break 命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ‰§è¡Œçš„命令的状æ€ã€‚ 设定 Readline 键绑定和å˜é‡ã€‚
绑定一个键åºåˆ—到一个 Readline 函数或者å®ï¼Œæˆ–者设定一个
Readline å˜é‡ã€‚éžé€‰é¡¹å‚æ•°çš„è¯æ³•å’Œ ~/.inputrc 文件ä¸çš„ç‰
åŒï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å¿…须作为一个å‚æ•°è¢«ä¼ é€’ï¼Œ
例如，bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
选项：
-m é”®æ˜ å°„ 在æ¤å‘½ä»¤æ‰§è¡Œè¿‡ç¨‹ä¸ä½¿ç”¨æŒ‡å®šçš„é”®æ˜ å°„ã€‚
å¯è¢«æŽ¥å—çš„é”®æ˜ å°„åå—有 emacsã€emacs-standardã€emacs-metaã€
emacs-ctlxã€viã€vi-moveã€vi-commandã€å’Œ vi-insert。
-l 列出函数å称。
-P 列出函数å称和绑定。
-p 以å¯ä»¥é‡æ–°ç”¨ä½œè¾“å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼åˆ—出函数å称和绑定。
-S 列出å¯ä»¥å¯åŠ¨å®çš„é”®åºåˆ—以åŠå®ƒä»¬çš„值
-s 以å¯ä»¥é‡æ–°ç”¨ä½œè¾“å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼åˆ—出å¯ä»¥å¯åŠ¨å®çš„键以åŠå®ƒä»¬çš„值。
-V 列出å˜é‡åæˆå’Œå®ƒä»¬çš„值
-v 以å¯ä»¥é‡æ–°ç”¨ä½œè¾“å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼åˆ—出å˜é‡çš„å称和它们的值
-q 函数å 查询指定的函数å¯ä»¥ç”±å“ªäº›é”®å¯åŠ¨ã€‚
-u 函数å å绑定所有绑定至指定函数的键。
-r é”®åºåˆ— å–消指定键åºåˆ—的绑定。
-f 文件å 从指定文件ä¸è¯»å–键绑定。
-x é”®åºåˆ—:shell命令 当指定的键åºåˆ—被输入时，执行指定的 shell 命令。
-X 以å¯è¢«é‡ç”¨çš„å½¢å¼åˆ—出用 -x 绑定的键åºåˆ—和命令。
退出状æ€ï¼š
除éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 法辨认的选项或者错误å‘生，å¦åˆ™è¿”回0. 设定和å–消设定 shell 选项。
改å˜æ¯ä¸ª shell 选项 OPTNAME的设定。ä¸å¸¦å‚æ•°
时，列出所有 shell é€‰é¡¹å¹¶æ ‡æ³¨æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªé€‰é¡¹æ˜¯å¦è¢«
设定。
选项：
-o é™åˆ¶ OPTNAME 为定义用于`set -o' 的选项
-p 打å°æ¯ä¸ª shell é€‰é¡¹å¹¶æ ‡æ³¨å®ƒçš„çŠ¶æ€ã€‚
-q 抑制输出
-s å¯ç”¨(设定)æ¯ä¸ª OPTNAME 选项
-u ç¦ç”¨(å–消设定)æ¯ä¸ª OPTNAME 选项
退出状æ€ï¼š
如果 OPTNAME 选项被å¯ç”¨åˆ™è¿”回æˆåŠŸï¼›å¦‚果是
æ— æ•ˆçš„é€‰é¡¹æˆ–OPTNAME 被ç¦ç”¨åˆ™å¤±è´¥ã€‚ 为 shell å˜é‡è®¾å®šå¯¼å‡ºå±žæ€§ã€‚
æ ‡è®°æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称为自动导出到åŽç»å‘½ä»¤æ‰§è¡Œçš„环境。如果æ供了 VALUE
则导出å‰å°† VALUE 作为赋值。
选项：
-f 指 shell 函数
-n åˆ é™¤æ¯ä¸ª NAME å称的导出属性
-p 显示所有导出的å˜é‡å’Œå‡½æ•°çš„列表
`--' çš„å‚æ•°ç¦ç”¨è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„选项处ç†ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者 NAME å称。 设定å˜é‡å€¼å’Œå±žæ€§ã€‚
声明å˜é‡å¹¶ä¸”赋予它们属性。如果没用给定å称，
则显示所有å˜é‡çš„属性和值。
选项：
-f é™åˆ¶åŠ¨ä½œæˆ–显示为åªå‡½æ•°å称和定义
-F é™åˆ¶ä»…显示函数å称 (以åŠè¡Œå·å’Œæºæ–‡ä»¶å，当调试时)
-g 当用于 shell 函数内时创建全局å˜é‡; å¦åˆ™å¿½ç•¥
-p 显示æ¯ä¸ª NAME å˜é‡çš„属性和值
设定属性的选项：
-a 使 NAME æˆä¸ºä¸‹æ ‡æ•°ç»„ (如果支æŒ)
-A 使 NAME æˆä¸ºå…³è”数组 (如果支æŒ)
-i 使 NAME 带有 `integer' (整数)属性
-l å°† NAME 在赋值时转为å°å†™
-n 使 NAME æˆä¸ºæŒ‡å‘一个以其值为å称的å˜é‡çš„引用
-r å°† NAME å˜ä¸ºåªè¯»
-t 使 NAME 带有 `trace' (追踪)属性
-u 将 NAME 在赋值时转为大写
-x 将 NAME 导出
用 `+' 代替 `-' 会关é—指定选项。
带有整数属性的å˜é‡åœ¨èµ‹å€¼æ—¶å°†ä½¿ç”¨ç®—术估值(è§
`let' 命令)
在函数ä¸ä½¿ç”¨æ—¶ï¼Œ`declare' 使 NAME æˆä¸ºæœ¬åœ°å˜é‡ï¼Œå’Œ `local'
命令一致。`-g' 选项抑制æ¤è¡Œä¸ºã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效选项或者å‘生错误。 Shell 命令匹é…å…³é”®å— ` Shell 选项:
移ä½ä½ç½®å‚数。
é‡å‘½åä½ç½®å‚æ•° $N+1ã€$N+2 ... 到 $1ã€$2 ... 如果没有给定 N，
则å‡è®¾ä¸º1.
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž N 为负或者大于 $#。 ä¿¡å· %d 声明 readline 如何完æˆè¯»å–å‚数。
声明对于æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª NAME å称如何完æˆè¯»å–å‚数。如果ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹ï¼Œ
现有的补全声明会以å¯ä»¥é‡ç”¨ä¸ºè¾“å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼æ‰“å°å‡ºæ¥ã€‚
选项：
-p 以å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼æ‰“å°çŽ°æœ‰çš„补全声明。
-r 对于æ¯ä¸ª NAME åç§°åˆ é™¤è¡¥å…¨å£°æ˜Žï¼Œæˆ–è€…å¦‚æžœæ²¡æœ‰æä¾› NAME
åç§°ï¼Œåˆ é™¤æ‰€æœ‰çš„è¡¥å…¨å£°æ˜Žã€‚
-D 对于没有补全声明定义的命令，设定默认的补全动作
-E 对于 "empty" 命令设定补全动作，—— 对于空行的补全。
å°è¯•è¡¥å…¨æ—¶ï¼ŒæŒ‰ç…§ä¸Šè¿°å¤§å†™å—æ¯é€‰é¡¹çš„顺åºè¿›è¡ŒåŠ¨ä½œã€‚-D 选项优先
级高于 -E 选项。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者错误å‘生。 å·²åœæ¢ å·²åœæ¢(ä¿¡å·) å·²åœæ¢(tty 输入) å·²åœæ¢(tty 输出) å·²åœæ¢(%s) 挂起 shell 执行。
挂起 shell 的执行直到收到 SIGCONT ä¿¡å·ã€‚
登录 shell ä¸å¯ä»¥è¢«æŒ‚起，除éžå¼ºåˆ¶æ‰§è¡Œã€‚
选项：
-f 强制挂起，å³ä½¿æ˜¯ç™»å½• shell。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžæ²¡æœ‰å¯ç”¨ä»»åŠ¡æŽ§åˆ¶æˆ–者有错误å‘生。 æ—¶é—´æ ¼å¼: `%c': æ— æ•ˆçš„æ ¼å¼å—符 å·²ç»ˆæ¢ %s ä¸çš„邮件已被阅读
有è¿è¡Œä¸çš„任务。
有åœæ¢çš„任务。
在法律许å¯çš„情况下特æ¤æ˜Žç¤ºï¼Œæœ¬è½¯ä»¶ä¸æ供任何担ä¿ã€‚ 这些 shell 命令是内部定义的。请输入 `help' 以获å–一个列表。
输入 `help å称' 以得到有关函数`å称'的更多信æ¯ã€‚
使用 `info bash' æ¥èŽ·å¾—关于 shell 的更多一般性信æ¯ã€‚
使用 `man -k' 或 `info' æ¥èŽ·å–ä¸åœ¨åˆ—表ä¸çš„命令的更多信æ¯ã€‚
å称æ—边的星å·(*)表示该命令被ç¦ç”¨ã€‚
本软件是自由软件，您å¯ä»¥è‡ªç”±åœ°æ›´æ”¹å’Œé‡æ–°å‘布。 对信å·å’Œå…¶ä»–事件设陷阱。
定义一个处ç†å™¨ï¼Œåœ¨ shell 接收到信å·å’Œå…¶ä»–æ¡ä»¶ä¸‹æ‰§è¡Œã€‚
ARG å‚数是当 shell 接收到 SIGNAL_SPEC ä¿¡å·æ—¶è¯»å–和执行的命令。
如果没有指定 ARG å‚æ•° (并且åªç»™å‡ºä¸€ä¸ª SIGNAL_SPEC ä¿¡å·) 或者
ARG å‚数为
`-'，æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªæŒ‡å®šçš„å‚数会被é‡ç½®ä¸ºåŽŸå§‹å€¼ã€‚如果 ARG å‚数是一个空串，则æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª
SIGNAL_SPEC ä¿¡å·ä¼šè¢« shell 和它å¯åŠ¨çš„命令忽略。
如果一个 SIGNAL_SPEC ä¿¡å·æ˜¯ EXIT (0) ，则 ARG 命令会在 shell 退出时被
执行。如果一个 SIGNAL_SPEC ä¿¡å·æ˜¯ DEBUG，则 ARG命令会在æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªç®€å•å‘½
令之å‰æ‰§è¡Œã€‚
如果ä¸æä¾›å‚数，trap 打å°åˆ—表显示æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªä¸Žæ¯ä¸€ä¸ªä¿¡å·ç›¸å…³è”的命令。
选项：
-l 打å°ä¸€ä¸ªä¿¡å·å称和它们对应的编å·çš„列表
-p 打å°ä¸Žæ¯ä¸ª SIGNAL_SPEC ä¿¡å·ç›¸å…³è”的陷阱命令
æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª SIGNAL_SPEC ä¿¡å·å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ ä¸çš„ä¿¡å·å称或者信å·ç¼–å·ã€‚
ä¿¡å·å称大å°å†™æ•æ„Ÿä¸”å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨ SIG å‰ç¼€ã€‚ä¿¡å·å¯ç”¨ "kill -ä¿¡å· $$"
å‘é€ç»™ shell。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者 SIGSPEC。 请输入`%s -c "help set"' 以获得关于 shell 选项的更多信æ¯
请输入 `%s -c help' 以获得关于 shell 内建命令的更多信æ¯.
æœªçŸ¥ä¿¡å· # æœªçŸ¥ä¿¡å· #%d 未知错误 æœªçŸ¥çŠ¶æ€ å–消设定 shell å˜é‡å’Œå‡½æ•°çš„值和属性。
对æ¯ä¸€ä¸ª NAME åç§°ï¼Œåˆ é™¤å¯¹åº”çš„å˜é‡æˆ–函数。
选项：
-f å°†æ¯ä¸ª NAME 视为函数
-v å°†æ¯ä¸ª NAME 视为å˜é‡
-n å°†æ¯ä¸ª NAME 视为å称引用，åªå–消其本身而éžå…¶æŒ‡å‘çš„å˜é‡
ä¸å¸¦é€‰é¡¹æ—¶ï¼Œunset 首先å°è¯•å–消设定一个å˜é‡ï¼Œå¦‚果失败，å†å°è¯•å–消设定一个函数。
æŸäº›å˜é‡ä¸å¯ä»¥è¢«å–消设定；å‚è§ `readonly'。
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— 效的选项或者 NAME å称为åªè¯»ã€‚ 紧急 I/O 状况 用法： %s [GNU 长选项] [选项] ...
%s [GNU 长选项] [选项] 脚本文件 ...
使用 "%s" 退出 shell 。
请使用`bashbug' 命令æ¥æŠ¥å‘Šé”™è¯¯.
用户信å·1 用户信å·2 ç‰å¾…任务完æˆå¹¶è¿”回退出状æ€ã€‚
ç‰å¾…以 ID ç¼–å·è¯†åˆ«çš„进程，其ä¸ID å¯ä»¥æ˜¯è¿›ç¨‹ç¼–å·æˆ–者任务声明，
并报告它的终æ¢çŠ¶æ€ã€‚如果 ID 没有给出，则ç‰å¾…所有的当å‰æ´»è·ƒå
进程，并且返回状æ€ä¸ºé›¶ã€‚如果 ID 是任务声明，ç‰å¾…任务管é“ä¸çš„
所有进程。
若给定了 -n 选项，ç‰å¾…下一个任务完æˆå¹¶è¿”回其状æ€ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回最åŽä¸€ä¸ª ID 进程的状æ€ï¼›å¦‚æžœä½¿ç”¨äº†æ— æ•ˆçš„ ID 或者选项则失败。 ç‰å¾…进程完æˆå¹¶ä¸”返回退出状æ€ã€‚
ç‰å¾…指定进程并报告它的终æ¢çŠ¶æ€ã€‚如果没有æä¾› PID，则当å‰æ‰€æœ‰çš„活跃
å进程都会被ç‰å¾…，并且返回ç 为零。PID 必须为进程å·ã€‚
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回进程 ID 的状æ€ï¼›å¦‚æžœ PID æ˜¯æ— æ•ˆçš„è¿›ç¨‹å·æˆ–è€…æŒ‡å®šäº†æ— æ•ˆçš„é€‰é¡¹åˆ™å¤±è´¥ã€‚ 窗å£å·²æ”¹å˜ 写å‚æ•°è‡³æ ‡å‡†è¾“å‡ºè®¾å¤‡ã€‚
åœ¨æ ‡å‡†è¾“å‡ºè®¾å¤‡ä¸Šæ˜¾ç¤º ARGs å‚数和一个æ¢è¡Œã€‚
选项：
-n ä¸é™„åŠ æ¢è¡Œ
退出状æ€ï¼š
除éžå†™é”™è¯¯å‘生，å¦åˆ™è¿”回æˆåŠŸã€‚ å°†å‚æ•°å†™åˆ°æ ‡å‡†è¾“å‡ºã€‚
åœ¨æ ‡å‡†è¾“å‡ºä¸Šï¼Œæ˜¾ç¤ºç”¨ç©ºæ ¼åˆ†å‰²çš„ ARG å‚æ•°åŽè·Ÿä¸€ä¸ªæ¢è¡Œã€‚
选项：
-n ä¸è¦è¿½åŠ æ¢è¡Œ
-e å¯ç”¨ä¸‹åˆ—åæ–œæ 转义的解释
-E 显å¼åœ°æŠ‘制对于åæ–œæ 转义的解释
`echo' 对下列åæ–œæ å—符进行转义：
\a è¦å‘Š(å“铃)
\b é€€æ ¼
\c 抑制更多的输出
\e 转义å—符
\f æ¢é¡µå—符
\n æ¢è¡Œ
\r 回车
\t 横å‘制表符
\v 纵å‘制表符
\\ åæ–œæ
\0nnn 以 NNN (八进制)为 ASCII ç çš„å—符。 NNN å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ 0 到 3 个八进制ä½
\xHH 以 HH (åå…进制)为值的八按ä½å—符。HHå¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–两个åå…进制ä½
退出状æ€ï¼š
返回æˆåŠŸé™¤éžæœ‰å†™é”™è¯¯å‘生。 您在 $_ ä¸æœ‰é‚®ä»¶ 您在 $_ ä¸æœ‰æ–°é‚®ä»¶ [ å‚æ•°... ] [[ è¡¨è¾¾å¼ ]] `%c': 命令错误 `%c': æ— æ•ˆæ ¼å¼å—符 `%c': æ— æ•ˆçš„ç¬¦å·çŠ¶æ€å—符 `%c': æ— æ•ˆçš„ç¬¦å·çŠ¶æ€è¿ç®—符 `%c': æ— æ•ˆçš„æ—¶é—´æ ¼å¼å£°æ˜Ž `%s': æ— æ³•è§£é™¤ç»‘å®š `%s': æ— æ•ˆçš„åˆ«å `%s': æ— æ•ˆçš„é”®æ˜ å°„å `%s': 特殊内建 `%s': ç¼ºå°‘æ ¼å¼å—符 `%s': ä¸æ˜¯æœ‰æ•ˆçš„进程å·æˆ–者任务声明 `%s': ä¸æ˜¯æœ‰æ•ˆçš„æ ‡è¯†ç¬¦ `%s': 未知函数å éœ€è¦ `)' 需è¦`)'，得到 %s æ¡ä»¶è¡¨è¾¾å¼éœ€è¦ `:' add_process: è¿›ç¨‹å· %5ld(%s) æ ‡æ³¨ä¸ºä»æ´»ç€ add_process: 进程 %5ld(%s) 进入 the_pipeline alias [-p] [å称[=值] ... ] all_local_variables: 当å‰ä½œç”¨åŸŸä¸æ²¡æœ‰å‡½æ•°ä¸Šä¸‹æ–‡ å‚æ•° 需è¦å‚æ•° 需è¦æ•°ç»„å˜é‡æ”¯æŒ å°è¯•ç»™éžå˜é‡èµ‹å€¼ æ•°ç»„ä¸‹æ ‡ä¸æ£ç¡® 错误的命令类型 错误的æ¡ä»¶è¿žæŽ¥ç¬¦ 错误的跳转 错误的替æ¢: 在 %s ä¸æ²¡æœ‰é—åˆçš„ "`" 错误的替æ¢: 在 %2$s ä¸æ²¡æœ‰é—åˆçš„ `%1$s' bash 首页：
bash_execute_unix_command: æ— æ³•ä¸ºå‘½ä»¤æ‰¾åˆ°é”®æ˜ å°„ bg [任务声明 ...] bind [-lpvsPSVX] [-m é”®æ˜ å°„] [-f 文件å] [-q å称] [-u å称] [-r é”®åºåˆ—] [-x é”®åºåˆ—:shell-命令] [é”®åºåˆ—:readline-函数 或 readline-命令] 大括å·å±•å¼€ï¼š æ— æ³•ä¸º %s 分é…å†…å˜ å¤§æ‹¬å·å±•å¼€ï¼š 为 %d ä¸ªå…ƒç´ åˆ†é…内å˜å¤±è´¥ 大括å·å±•å¼€ï¼š 为 `%s' 分é…内å˜å¤±è´¥ break [n] 错误：表达å¼èµ‹å€¼ç¬¦å·é”™è¯¯ builtin [shell 内建 [å‚æ•° ...]] caller [表达å¼] åªèƒ½ä»Žå‡½æ•°æˆ–者æºè„šæœ¬è¿”回(`return') åªèƒ½åœ¨å‡½æ•°ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ æ— æ³•ä»Žæ–‡ä»¶æ述符 %d 为 bash 的输入获å–一个新的文件æ述符 æ— æ³•ä¸ºç«‹å³æ–‡æ¡£åˆ›å»ºä¸´æ—¶æ–‡ä»¶: %s æ— æ³•å¤åˆ¶æ–‡ä»¶æ述符 %d 到文件æ述符 %d æ— æ³•å°†å‘½åç®¡é“ %s 作为文件æ述符 %d å¤åˆ¶ æ— æ³•åœ¨å…±äº«å¯¹è±¡ %2$s ä¸æ‰¾åˆ° %1$s: %3$s æ— æ³•ä¸ºå‘½ä»¤æ›¿æ¢åˆ›å»ºå进程 æ— æ³•ä¸ºè¿›ç¨‹æ›¿æ¢åˆ›å»ºå进程 æ— æ³•ä¸ºå‘½ä»¤æ›¿æ¢åˆ›å»ºç®¡é“ æ— æ³•ä¸ºè¿›ç¨‹æ›¿æ¢åˆ›å»ºç®¡é“ æ— æ³•æ‰“å¼€å‘½åç®¡é“ %s è¿›readline- æ— æ³•æ‰“å¼€å‘½åç®¡é“ %s 进行写入 æ— æ³•æ‰“å¼€å…±äº«å¯¹è±¡ %s: %s æ— æ³•ä»Ž /dev/null é‡å®šå‘æ ‡å‡†è¾“å…¥: %s æ— æ³•ä¸ºæ–‡ä»¶æ述符 %d é‡ç½®nodelayæ¨¡å¼ æ— æ³•åŒæ—¶è®¾å®šå’Œå–消设定 shell 选项 æ— æ³•å°† gid 设为 %d: 有效 gid %d æ— æ³•è®¾å®šç»ˆç«¯è¿›ç¨‹ç»„(%d) æ— æ³•å°† uid 设为 %d: 有效 uid %d æ— æ³•åŒæ—¶å–消设定一个函数和一个å˜é‡ æ— æ³•æŒ‚èµ· æ— æ³•æŒ‚èµ·ä¸€ä¸ªç™»å½• shell æ— æ³•ç”¨ `-f' 生æˆå‡½æ•° 最多åªèƒ½ä½¿ç”¨ -anrw 选项ä¸çš„一个 case è¯ in [æ¨¡å¼ [| 模å¼]...) 命令 ;;]... esac cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [目录] å进程 setpgid (%ld 到 %ld) command [-pVv] 命令 [å‚æ•° ...] command_substitute: æ— æ³•å°†ç®¡é“å¤åˆ¶ä¸ºæ–‡ä»¶æ述符 1 compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o 选项] [-A 动作] [-G 全局模å¼] [-W è¯è¯åˆ—表] [-F 函数] [-C 命令] [-X 过滤模å¼] [-P å‰ç¼€] [-S åŽç¼€] [è¯è¯] complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o 选项] [-A 动作] [-G 全局模å¼] [-W è¯è¯åˆ—表] [-F 函数] [-C 命令] [-X 过滤模å¼] [-P å‰ç¼€] [-S åŽç¼€] [å称 ...] 补全: 未找到函数 `%s' compopt [-o|+o 选项] [-DE] [å称 ...] 需è¦äºŒå…ƒæ¡ä»¶è¿ç®—符 continue [n] coproc [å称] 命令 [é‡å®šå‘] æ— æ³•æ‰¾åˆ° /tmp ，请创建 cprintf: `%c': æ— æ•ˆçš„æ ¼å¼å—符 å½“å‰ declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [å称[=值] ...] åˆ é™¤è¿›ç¨‹ç»„ %2$ld ä¸å·²åœæ¢çš„任务 %1$d describe_pid: %ld: æ— æ¤è¿›ç¨‹å· ç›®å½•æ ˆä¸ºç©º ç›®å½•æ ˆç´¢å¼• dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] 除以 0 动æ€åŠ è½½ä¸å¯ç”¨ echo [-n] [å‚æ•° ...] echo [-neE] [å‚æ•° ...] 空数组å˜é‡å enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f 文件å] [å称 ...] 获å–终端属性时出错: %s `%s' 函数定义导入错误 设定终端属性时出错: %s eval [å‚æ•° ...] eval: 超出最大 eval 嵌套层数 (%d) exec [-cl] [-a å称] [命令 [å‚æ•° ...]] [é‡å®šå‘ ...] exit [n] éœ€è¦ `)' 指数å°äºŽ 0 export [-fn] [å称[=值] ...] 或 export -p 需è¦è¡¨è¾¾å¼ 表达å¼é€’归层次越界 fc [-e 编辑器å] [-lnr] [起始] [终结] 或 fc -s [模å¼=替æ¢ä¸²] [命令] fg [任务声明] 文件æ述符超出范围 需è¦æ–‡ä»¶åå‚æ•° for (( 表达å¼1; 表达å¼2; 表达å¼3 )); do 命令; done for å称 [in è¯è¯ ... ] ; do 命令; done å‰åˆ† (fork) å‡ºçš„çš„è¿›ç¨‹å· %d 出现在è¿è¡Œä¸çš„任务 %d ä¸ æ ¼å¼è§£æžé—®é¢˜: %s free: 用已ç»é‡Šæ”¾çš„å—作为å‚数被调用 free: 用未分é…çš„å—作为å‚数被调用 free: 其实和末尾å—大å°ä¸ä¸€è‡´ free: 检测到下溢；mh_nbytes 越界 function å称 { 命令 ; } 或 name () { 命令 ; } 未æ¥ç‰ˆæœ¬çš„ shell ä¼šå¼ºåˆ¶ä¼°å€¼ä¸ºç®—æœ¯æ›¿æ¢ getcwd: æ— æ³•è®¿é—®çˆ¶ç›®å½• getopts 选项å—符串 å称 [å‚æ•°] hash [-lr] [-p 路径å] [-dt] [å称 ...] å·²ç¦ç”¨å“ˆå¸Œ help [-dms] [æ¨¡å¼ ...] æ¤ç‰ˆæœ¬å†…帮助ä¸å¯ç”¨ ç«‹å³æ–‡æ¡£åœ¨ç¬¬ %d 行被文件结æŸç¬¦åˆ†éš” (éœ€è¦ `%s') history [-c] [-d å移é‡] [n] 或 history -anrw [文件å] 或 history -ps å‚æ•° [å‚æ•°...] 历å²ä½ç½® 历å²å£°æ˜Ž å‘½ä¸ å‘½ä»¤
预增符或预å‡ç¬¦åŽåº”è·Ÿæœ‰æ ‡è¯†ç¬¦ if 命令; then 命令; [ elif 命令; then 命令; ]... [ else 命令; ] fi initialize_job_control: getpgrp 失败 initialize_job_control: 行规则 initialize_job_control: setpgid æ— æ•ˆçš„ç®—æœ¯è¿›åˆ¶ æ— æ•ˆçš„åŸº %2$s çš„ exportstr ä¸æœ‰æ— 效的å—符 %1$d æ— æ•ˆçš„åå…进制数 æ— æ•ˆæ•°å— æ— æ•ˆçš„å…«è¿›åˆ¶æ•° æ— æ•ˆçš„ä¿¡å·æ•° 在ä¸å¸¦ä»»åŠ¡æŽ§åˆ¶çš„情况下å¯åŠ¨äº†ä»»åŠ¡ %d job_spec [&] jobs [-lnprs] [任务声明 ...] 或 jobs -x 命令 [å‚æ•°] kill [-s ä¿¡å·å£°æ˜Ž | -n ä¿¡å·ç¼–å· | -ä¿¡å·å£°æ˜Ž] è¿›ç¨‹å· | 任务声明 ... 或 kill -l [ä¿¡å·å£°æ˜Ž] 上一个命令: %s
let å‚æ•° [å‚æ•° ...] limit 第 %d è¡Œ: 未å¯ç”¨è¡Œç¼–辑 为 %s 载入函数失败 (%d): 未载入 local [option] å称[=值] ... 注销
logout [n] 循环计数 make_here_document: 错误的指令类型 %d make_local_variable: 当å‰ä½œç”¨åŸŸä¸æ²¡æœ‰å‡½æ•°ä¸Šä¸‹æ–‡ make_redirection: é‡å®šå‘指令 `%d' 越界 malloc: 空闲链表ä¸çš„å—æŸå malloc: æ–言失败: %s
mapfile [-d 分隔符] [-n 计数] [-O 起始åºå·] [-s 计数] [-t] [-u fd] [-C 回调] [-c é‡å] [数组] 超出最大立å³æ–‡æ¡£æ•°é‡ è¿ç§»è¿›ç¨‹è‡³å¦ä¸€ä¸ª CPU 缺少 `)' 缺少 `]' 使用了 \x 但缺少åå…è¿›åˆ¶ä½ ä½¿ç”¨äº† \%c 但缺少 unicode æ•° ä¸æ”¯æŒç½‘络æ“作 %s çš„ exportstr ä¸æ²¡æœ‰ `=' %2$s ä¸æ²¡æœ‰é—åˆçš„ `%1$c' 未找到命令 没有与 `%s' 匹é…的帮助主题。å°è¯• `help help' 或 `man -k %s' 或 `info %s'。 æ— ä»»åŠ¡æŽ§åˆ¶ æ¤ shell ä¸æ— 任务控制 æ— åŒ¹é…: %s æ— å…¶ä»–ç›®å½• 其他选项ä¸èƒ½ä¸Ž `-x' åŒæ—¶ä½¿ç”¨ 当å‰æœªæ‰§è¡Œè¡¥å…¨åŠŸèƒ½ ä¸æ˜¯ç™»å½• shell: 使用 `exit' 八进制数 仅在 `for'， `while'， 或者`until' 循环ä¸æœ‰æ„义 管é“错误 pop_scope: shell_variables 的头部ä¸æ˜¯ä¸´æ—¶çŽ¯å¢ƒä½œç”¨åŸŸ pop_var_context: shell_variables 的头部ä¸æ˜¯å‡½æ•°ä¸Šä¸‹æ–‡ pop_var_context: 没有 global_variables 上下文 popd [-n] [+N | -N] å³å°†åœç”µ print_command: 错误的æ¡ä»¶è¿žæŽ¥ç¬¦ `%d' printf [-v var] æ ¼å¼ [å‚æ•°] progcomp_insert: %s: 空的补全声明 编程错误 pushd [-n] [+N | -N | 目录] pwd [-LP] read [-ers] [-a 数组] [-d 分隔符] [-i 缓冲区文å—] [-n 读å–å—符数] [-N 读å–å—符数] [-p æ示符] [-t 超时] [-u 文件æ述符] [å称 ...] 读错误: %d: %s readarray [-n 计数] [-O 起始åºå·] [-s 计数] [-t] [-u fd] [-C 回调] [-c é‡å] [数组] readonly [-aAf] [å称[=值] ...] 或 readonly -p realloc: 用未分é…çš„å—作为å‚数被调用 realloc: 其实和末尾å—大å°ä¸ä¸€è‡´ realloc: 检测到下溢；mh_nbytes 越界 é€’å½’æ ˆä¸‹æº¢ é‡å®šå‘错误: æ— æ³•å¤åˆ¶æ–‡ä»¶æ述符 register_alloc: %p 在表ä¸æ˜¾ç¤ºä¸ºå·²åˆ†é…？
register_alloc: 分é…表已ç»å……满了 FIND_ALLOC？
register_free: %p 在表ä¸æ˜¾ç¤ºä¸ºå·²é‡Šæ”¾ï¼Ÿ
å—é™çš„ return [n] run_pending_traps: trap_list[%d] ä¸çš„错误值: %p run_pending_traps: ä¿¡å·å¤„ç†å™¨æ˜¯ SIG_DFL，é‡æ–°å‘é€ %d (%s) 给自己 save_bash_input: å·²ç»å˜åœ¨æ–°çš„文件æ述符 %d 的缓冲区 select NAME [in è¯è¯ ... ;] do 命令; done set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o 选项å] [--] [å‚æ•° ...] setlocale: %s: æ— æ³•æ”¹å˜åŒºåŸŸé€‰é¡¹ (%s) setlocale: %s: æ— æ³•æ”¹å˜åŒºåŸŸé€‰é¡¹ (%s): %s setlocale: LC_ALL: æ— æ³•æ”¹å˜åŒºåŸŸé€‰é¡¹ (%s) setlocale: LC_ALL: æ— æ³•æ”¹å˜åŒºåŸŸé€‰é¡¹ (%s): %s shell 层次 (%d) 太高，é‡ç½®ä¸º 1 shift [n] ä½ç§»è®¡æ•° shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [选项å ...] sigprocmask: %d: æ— æ•ˆçš„æ“作 source 文件å [å‚æ•°] start_pipeline: è¿›ç¨‹ç»„ç®¡é“ suspend [-f] è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯ æ¡ä»¶è¡¨è¾¾å¼ä¸æœ‰è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯ æ¡ä»¶è¡¨è¾¾å¼ä¸æœ‰è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯: æœªé¢„æœŸçš„ç¬¦å· `%s' 表达å¼ä¸æœ‰è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯ `%s' 附近有è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯ æœªé¢„æœŸçš„ç¬¦å· `%s' 附近有è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯ è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯: `((%s))' è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯: éœ€è¦ `;' è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯: 需è¦ç®—æœ¯è¡¨è¾¾å¼ è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯: æ— æ•ˆçš„ç®—æœ¯è¿ç®—符 è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯: 需è¦æ“作数 è¯æ³•é”™è¯¯: 未预期的文件结尾 系统å³å°†å´©æºƒ test [表达å¼] time [-p] ç®¡é“ å‚数太多 trap [-lp] [[å‚æ•°] ä¿¡å·å£°æ˜Ž ...] trap_handler: é”™è¯¯çš„ä¿¡å· %d type [-afptP] å称 [å称 ...] typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] å称[=值] ... ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [é™åˆ¶] umask [-p] [-S] [模å¼] unalias [-a] å称 [å称 ...] 寻找 `]]' 是é‡åˆ°äº†æœªé¢„期的文件结æŸç¬¦ 寻找匹é…çš„ `%c' 是é‡åˆ°äº†æœªé¢„期的文件结æŸç¬¦ 寻找匹é…çš„ `)' æ—¶é‡åˆ°äº†æœªé¢„期的文件结æŸç¬¦ 二元æ¡ä»¶è¿ç®—符使用了未预期的å‚æ•° `%s' 一元æ¡ä»¶è¿ç®—符使用了未预期的å‚æ•° `%s' 二元æ¡ä»¶è¿ç®—符使用了未预期的å‚æ•° 一元æ¡ä»¶è¿ç®—符使用了未预期的å‚æ•° æ¡ä»¶å‘½ä»¤ä¸æœ‰æœªé¢„æœŸçš„ç¬¦å· %d æ¡ä»¶å‘½ä»¤ä¸æœ‰æœªé¢„æœŸçš„ç¬¦å· `%c' æ¡ä»¶å‘½ä»¤ä¸æœ‰æœªé¢„æœŸçš„ç¬¦å· `%s' æœªé¢„æœŸçš„ç¬¦å· `%s'，需è¦äºŒå…ƒæ¡ä»¶è¿ç®—符 æœªé¢„æœŸçš„ç¬¦å· `%s' ï¼Œéœ€è¦ `)' 未知 未知的命令错误 unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [å称 ...] until 命令; do 命令; done 数值太大ä¸å¯ä¸ºç®—术进制的基 variables - 一些 shell å˜é‡çš„å称和å«ä¹‰ wait [-n] [ç¼–å· ...] wait [è¿›ç¨‹å· ...] wait: è¿›ç¨‹å· %ld ä¸æ˜¯å½“å‰ shell çš„å进程 wiat_for: 没有进程 %ld 的记录 wait_for_job: 任务 %d å·²åœæ¢ waitchld: 打开 WNOHANG 以é¿å…æ— é™é˜»å¡ž è¦å‘Š: è¦å‘Š: %s: %s è¦å‘Š: -C 选项å¯èƒ½ä¸åƒæ‚¨é¢„æœŸçš„é‚£æ ·å·¥ä½œ è¦å‘Š: -F 选项å¯èƒ½ä¸åƒæ‚¨é¢„æœŸçš„é‚£æ ·å·¥ä½œ while 命令; do 命令; done 写错误: %s xtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d) xtrace_set: %d: æ— æ•ˆçš„æ–‡ä»¶æ述符 xtrace_set: 空的文件指针 { 命令 ; }