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e Z d S)'a Generic socket server classes.
This module tries to capture the various aspects of defining a server:
For socket-based servers:
- address family:
- AF_INET{,6}: IP (Internet Protocol) sockets (default)
- AF_UNIX: Unix domain sockets
- others, e.g. AF_DECNET are conceivable (see
- socket type:
- SOCK_STREAM (reliable stream, e.g. TCP)
- SOCK_DGRAM (datagrams, e.g. UDP)
For request-based servers (including socket-based):
- client address verification before further looking at the request
(This is actually a hook for any processing that needs to look
at the request before anything else, e.g. logging)
- how to handle multiple requests:
- synchronous (one request is handled at a time)
- forking (each request is handled by a new process)
- threading (each request is handled by a new thread)
The classes in this module favor the server type that is simplest to
write: a synchronous TCP/IP server. This is bad class design, but
save some typing. (There's also the issue that a deep class hierarchy
slows down method lookups.)
There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent
synchronous servers of four types:
+------------+
| BaseServer |
+------------+
|
v
+-----------+ +------------------+
| TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer |
+-----------+ +------------------+
|
v
+-----------+ +--------------------+
| UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer |
+-----------+ +--------------------+
Note that UnixDatagramServer derives from UDPServer, not from
UnixStreamServer -- the only difference between an IP and a Unix
stream server is the address family, which is simply repeated in both
unix server classes.
Forking and threading versions of each type of server can be created
using the ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn mix-in classes. For
instance, a threading UDP server class is created as follows:
class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer): pass
The Mix-in class must come first, since it overrides a method defined
in UDPServer! Setting the various member variables also changes
the behavior of the underlying server mechanism.
To implement a service, you must derive a class from
BaseRequestHandler and redefine its handle() method. You can then run
various versions of the service by combining one of the server classes
with your request handler class.
The request handler class must be different for datagram or stream
services. This can be hidden by using the request handler
subclasses StreamRequestHandler or DatagramRequestHandler.
Of course, you still have to use your head!
For instance, it makes no sense to use a forking server if the service
contains state in memory that can be modified by requests (since the
modifications in the child process would never reach the initial state
kept in the parent process and passed to each child). In this case,
you can use a threading server, but you will probably have to use
locks to avoid two requests that come in nearly simultaneous to apply
conflicting changes to the server state.
On the other hand, if you are building e.g. an HTTP server, where all
data is stored externally (e.g. in the file system), a synchronous
class will essentially render the service "deaf" while one request is
being handled -- which may be for a very long time if a client is slow
to read all the data it has requested. Here a threading or forking
server is appropriate.
In some cases, it may be appropriate to process part of a request
synchronously, but to finish processing in a forked child depending on
the request data. This can be implemented by using a synchronous
server and doing an explicit fork in the request handler class
handle() method.
Another approach to handling multiple simultaneous requests in an
environment that supports neither threads nor fork (or where these are
too expensive or inappropriate for the service) is to maintain an
explicit table of partially finished requests and to use select() to
decide which request to work on next (or whether to handle a new
incoming request). This is particularly important for stream services
where each client can potentially be connected for a long time (if
threads or subprocesses cannot be used).
Future work:
- Standard classes for Sun RPC (which uses either UDP or TCP)
- Standard mix-in classes to implement various authentication
and encryption schemes
- Standard framework for select-based multiplexing
XXX Open problems:
- What to do with out-of-band data?
BaseServer:
- split generic "request" functionality out into BaseServer class.
Copyright (C) 2000 Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
example: read entries from a SQL database (requires overriding
get_request() to return a table entry from the database).
entry is processed by a RequestHandlerClass.
z0.4 N
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Methods for the caller:
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- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
- shutdown()
- handle_request() # if you do not use serve_forever()
- fileno() -> int # for select()
Methods that may be overridden:
- server_bind()
- server_activate()
- get_request() -> request, client_address
- handle_timeout()
- verify_request(request, client_address)
- server_close()
- process_request(request, client_address)
- shutdown_request(request)
- close_request(request)
- service_actions()
- handle_error()
Methods for derived classes:
- finish_request(request, client_address)
Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
instances:
- timeout
- address_family
- socket_type
- allow_reuse_address
Instance variables:
- RequestHandlerClass
- socket
Nc C s. | | _ | | _ t j | _ d | _ d S)z/Constructor. May be extended, do not override.FN)server_addressRequestHandlerClass threadingZEvent_BaseServer__is_shut_down _BaseServer__shutdown_request)selfr r r r r __init__ s zBaseServer.__init__c C s d S)zSCalled by constructor to activate the server.
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Nr )r r r r server_activate s zBaseServer.server_activateg ?c C s | j j z^ xW | j si t t j | g g g | \ } } } | | k r\ | j n | j q WWd d | _ | j j Xd S)zHandle one request at a time until shutdown.
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zBaseServer.serve_foreverc C s d | _ | j j d S)zStops the serve_forever loop.
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TN)r r wait)r r r r shutdown s zBaseServer.shutdownc C s d S)zCalled by the serve_forever() loop.
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- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
- shutdown()
- handle_request() # if you don't use serve_forever()
- fileno() -> int # for select()
Methods that may be overridden:
- server_bind()
- server_activate()
- get_request() -> request, client_address
- handle_timeout()
- verify_request(request, client_address)
- process_request(request, client_address)
- shutdown_request(request)
- close_request(request)
- handle_error()
Methods for derived classes:
- finish_request(request, client_address)
Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
instances:
- timeout
- address_family
- socket_type
- request_queue_size (only for stream sockets)
- allow_reuse_address
Instance variables:
- server_address
- RequestHandlerClass
- socket
FTc C sk t j | | | t j | j | j | _ | rg y | j | j Wqg | j Yqg Xn d S)z/Constructor. May be extended, do not override.N)r r! r- address_family socket_type server_bindr" r: )r r r Zbind_and_activater r r r! s
zTCPServer.__init__c C sQ | j r( | j j t j t j d n | j j | j | j j | _ d S)zOCalled by constructor to bind the socket.
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r( Yn X| j | d S)z3Called to shutdown and close an individual request.N)r, r- ZSHUT_WRr r; )r r7 r r r r6 s
zTCPServer.shutdown_requestc C s | j d S)z)Called to clean up an individual request.N)rO )r r7 r r r r; s zTCPServer.close_requestN)rC rD rE rF r- ZAF_INETrH Z SOCK_STREAMrI rN rL r! rJ r" r: rP r2 r6 r; r r r r r p s -
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N)r` )r r r r r& ; s z ForkingMixIn.service_actionsc C s t j } | rQ | j d k r0 t | _ n | j j | | j | d Sy. | j | | | j | t j d Wn: z! | j | | | j | Wd t j d XYn Xd S)z-Fork a new subprocess to process the request.Nr rK )
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S) r a Base class for request handler classes.
This class is instantiated for each request to be handled. The
constructor sets the instance variables request, client_address
and server, and then calls the handle() method. To implement a
specific service, all you need to do is to derive a class which
defines a handle() method.
The handle() method can find the request as self.request, the
client address as self.client_address, and the server (in case it
needs access to per-server information) as self.server. Since a
separate instance is created for each request, the handle() method
can define arbitrary other instance variariables.
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