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This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their
input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module
intends to replace several older modules and functions:
os.system
os.spawn*
Information about how the subprocess module can be used to replace these
modules and functions can be found below.
Using the subprocess module
===========================
This module defines one class called Popen:
class Popen(args, bufsize=-1, executable=None,
stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True, shell=False,
cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False,
startupinfo=None, creationflags=0,
restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False, pass_fds=()):
Arguments are:
args should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The
program to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or
string, but can be explicitly set by using the executable argument.
On POSIX, with shell=False (default): In this case, the Popen class
uses os.execvp() to execute the child program. args should normally
be a sequence. A string will be treated as a sequence with the string
as the only item (the program to execute).
On POSIX, with shell=True: If args is a string, it specifies the
command string to execute through the shell. If args is a sequence,
the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items
will be treated as additional shell arguments.
On Windows: the Popen class uses CreateProcess() to execute the child
program, which operates on strings. If args is a sequence, it will be
converted to a string using the list2cmdline method. Please note that
not all MS Windows applications interpret the command line the same
way: The list2cmdline is designed for applications using the same
rules as the MS C runtime.
bufsize will be supplied as the corresponding argument to the io.open()
function when creating the stdin/stdout/stderr pipe file objects:
0 means unbuffered (read & write are one system call and can return short),
1 means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of
approximately that size. A negative bufsize, the default, means the system
default of io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE will be used.
stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed programs' standard
input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively.
Valid values are PIPE, an existing file descriptor (a positive
integer), an existing file object, and None. PIPE indicates that a
new pipe to the child should be created. With None, no redirection
will occur; the child's file handles will be inherited from the
parent. Additionally, stderr can be STDOUT, which indicates that the
stderr data from the applications should be captured into the same
file handle as for stdout.
On POSIX, if preexec_fn is set to a callable object, this object will be
called in the child process just before the child is executed. The use
of preexec_fn is not thread safe, using it in the presence of threads
could lead to a deadlock in the child process before the new executable
is executed.
If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except 0, 1 and 2 will be
closed before the child process is executed. The default for close_fds
varies by platform: Always true on POSIX. True when stdin/stdout/stderr
are None on Windows, false otherwise.
pass_fds is an optional sequence of file descriptors to keep open between the
parent and child. Providing any pass_fds implicitly sets close_fds to true.
if shell is true, the specified command will be executed through the
shell.
If cwd is not None, the current directory will be changed to cwd
before the child is executed.
On POSIX, if restore_signals is True all signals that Python sets to
SIG_IGN are restored to SIG_DFL in the child process before the exec.
Currently this includes the SIGPIPE, SIGXFZ and SIGXFSZ signals. This
parameter does nothing on Windows.
On POSIX, if start_new_session is True, the setsid() system call will be made
in the child process prior to executing the command.
If env is not None, it defines the environment variables for the new
process.
If universal_newlines is false, the file objects stdin, stdout and stderr
are opened as binary files, and no line ending conversion is done.
If universal_newlines is true, the file objects stdout and stderr are
opened as a text files, but lines may be terminated by any of '\n',
the Unix end-of-line convention, '\r', the old Macintosh convention or
'\r\n', the Windows convention. All of these external representations
are seen as '\n' by the Python program. Also, the newlines attribute
of the file objects stdout, stdin and stderr are not updated by the
communicate() method.
The startupinfo and creationflags, if given, will be passed to the
underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify things such as
appearance of the main window and priority for the new process.
(Windows only)
This module also defines some shortcut functions:
call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then
return the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])
check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the
exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise
CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the
return code in the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
0
getstatusoutput(cmd):
Return (status, output) of executing cmd in a shell.
Execute the string 'cmd' in a shell with os.popen() and return a 2-tuple
(status, output). cmd is actually run as '{ cmd ; } 2>&1', so that the
returned output will contain output or error messages. A trailing newline
is stripped from the output. The exit status for the command can be
interpreted according to the rules for the C function wait(). Example:
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
(0, '/bin/ls')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('cat /bin/junk')
(256, 'cat: /bin/junk: No such file or directory')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/junk')
(256, 'sh: /bin/junk: not found')
getoutput(cmd):
Return output (stdout or stderr) of executing cmd in a shell.
Like getstatusoutput(), except the exit status is ignored and the return
value is a string containing the command's output. Example:
>>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
'/bin/ls'
check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs):
Run command with arguments and return its output.
If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The
CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode
attribute and output in the output attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> output = subprocess.check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"])
Exceptions
----------
Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has
started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally,
the exception object will have one extra attribute called
'child_traceback', which is a string containing traceback information
from the child's point of view.
The most common exception raised is OSError. This occurs, for
example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications
should prepare for OSErrors.
A ValueError will be raised if Popen is called with invalid arguments.
Exceptions defined within this module inherit from SubprocessError.
check_call() and check_output() will raise CalledProcessError if the
called process returns a non-zero return code. TimeoutExpired
be raised if a timeout was specified and expired.
Security
--------
Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call
/bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell
metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes.
Popen objects
=============
Instances of the Popen class have the following methods:
poll()
Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode
attribute.
wait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.
communicate(input=None)
Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout
and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to
terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be
sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to
the child.
communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).
Note: The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this
method if the data size is large or unlimited.
The following attributes are also available:
stdin
If the stdin argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object
that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is None.
stdout
If the stdout argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object
that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is
None.
stderr
If the stderr argument is PIPE, this attribute is file object that
provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is
None.
pid
The process ID of the child process.
returncode
The child return code. A None value indicates that the process
hasn't terminated yet. A negative value -N indicates that the
child was terminated by signal N (POSIX only).
Replacing older functions with the subprocess module
====================================================
In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a replacement
for a.
Note: All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if
the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an OSError
exception.
In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is
imported with "from subprocess import *".
Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
---------------------------------
output=`mycmd myarg`
==>
output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
Replacing shell pipe line
-------------------------
output=`dmesg | grep hda`
==>
p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE)
p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE)
output = p2.communicate()[0]
Replacing os.system()
---------------------
sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg")
==>
p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
pid, sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0)
Note:
* Calling the program through the shell is usually not required.
* It's easier to look at the returncode attribute than the
exitstatus.
A more real-world example would look like this:
try:
retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
if retcode < 0:
print("Child was terminated by signal", -retcode, file=sys.stderr)
else:
print("Child returned", retcode, file=sys.stderr)
except OSError as e:
print("Execution failed:", e, file=sys.stderr)
Replacing os.spawn*
-------------------
P_NOWAIT example:
pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid
P_WAIT example:
retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"])
Vector example:
os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args)
==>
Popen([path] + args[1:])
Environment example:
os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env)
==>
Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})
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| j j } | j j n | j ni | d k rnt | } n d } z | j | | | \ } } Wd d | _ X| j d | j | } | | f S( uc Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from
stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for
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Sd
\ } } d \ } } d \ } } | d k r t j t j } | d k rGt j d d \ } }
t | } t j |
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i i Ni˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( u Noneu _winapiu GetStdHandleu STD_INPUT_HANDLEu
CreatePipeu Handleu CloseHandleu PIPEu DEVNULLu msvcrtu
get_osfhandleu _get_devnullu
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u Popen._make_inheritablec C s t j j t j j t j d d } t j j | s t j j t j j t j d } t j j | s t d q n | S( u, Find and return absolut path to w9xpopen.exei u w9xpopen.exeuZ Cannot locate w9xpopen.exe, which is needed for Popen to work with your shell or platform.(
u osu pathu joinu dirnameu _winapiu GetModuleFileNameu existsu sysu base_exec_prefixu RuntimeError( u selfu w9xpopen( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu _find_w9xpopen
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r˛} z t | j WYd d } ~ Xn XWd | d k rĐ| j n | d
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isinstanceu stru list2cmdlineu Noneu STARTUPINFOu dwFlagsu _winapiu STARTF_USESTDHANDLESu hStdInputu
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CreateProcessu intu
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executableu
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&
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attribute.
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in its local scope.
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| n t j | j | _ n | j S( uO Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode
attribute.ič N( u Noneu _remaining_timeu _winapiu INFINITEu intu
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d k r| j j | j | | j j rt | j | qn d } d } | j r?| j } | j j n | j
ra| j } | j
j n | d k rz| d } n | d k r| d } n | | f S( Nu _stdout_buffu targetu argsu _stderr_buffi T( u stdoutu hasattru _stdout_buffu threadingu Threadu
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u Popen._communicatec C s
| t j k r | j ne | t j k rD t j | j t j n= | t j k rl t j | j t j n t d j | d S( u) Send a signal to the process
u Unsupported signal: {}N(
u signalu SIGTERMu terminateu CTRL_C_EVENTu osu killu pidu CTRL_BREAK_EVENTu
ValueErroru format( u selfu sig( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu send_signal× s
u Popen.send_signalc C s` y t j | j d WnB t k
r[ t j | j } | t j k rN n | | _ Yn Xd S( u# Terminates the process
i N( u _winapiu TerminateProcessu _handleu PermissionErroru GetExitCodeProcessu STILL_ACTIVEu
returncode( u selfu rc( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu terminateă s
u Popen.terminatec
C s d \ } } d \ } } d
\ } } | d k r3 n] | t k rQ t \ } } n? | t k rl | j } n$ t | t r | } n | j } | d k r n] | t k r˝ t \ } } n? | t k rŘ | j } n$ t | t rđ | } n | j } | d k r nr | t k r)t \ } } nT | t k r>| } n? | t k rY| j } n$ t | t rq| } n | j } | | | | | | f S( u| Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
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i i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙( i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙N( u Noneu PIPEu _create_pipeu DEVNULLu _get_devnullu
isinstanceu intu filenou STDOUT(
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closerangeu MAXFD( u selfu fds_to_keepu start_fdu fd( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu
_close_fds) s u Popen._close_fdsc % / s° t | t t f r! | g } n t | } |
rY d d g | } rY | d d s u' Popen._execute_child..Nu _devnulli iPĂ s :i s RuntimeErrors 0s Bad exception data from child: u asciiu errorsu
surrogatepassi u noexecu u : Ti˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙(+ u
isinstanceu stru bytesu listu Noneu _create_pipeu itemsu osu fsencodeu
ValueErroru appendu pathu dirnameu tupleu
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issubclassu intu strerroru ENOENT(% u selfu argsu
executableu
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errpipe_writeu env_listu ku vu executable_listu fds_to_keepu
devnull_fdu errpipe_datau partu eu exception_nameu hex_errnou err_msgu child_exception_typeu errno_numu child_exec_never_called( ( u
executableu/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu _execute_child3 sŞ
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c C sM | | r | | | _ n* | | r= | | | _ n t d d S( Nu Unknown child exit status!( u
returncodeu RuntimeError( u selfu stsu _WIFSIGNALEDu _WTERMSIGu
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u Popen._handle_exitstatusc C sŻ | j d k r¨ y; | | j | \ } } | | j k rI | j | n Wq¨ | k
r¤ } z8 | d k rw | | _ n | j | k r d | _ n WYd d } ~ Xq¨ Xn | j S( uő Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode
attribute.
This method is called by __del__, so it cannot reference anything
outside of the local scope (nor can any methods it calls).
i N( u
returncodeu Noneu pidu _handle_exitstatusu errno( u selfu
_deadstateu _waitpidu _WNOHANGu _os_erroru _ECHILDu pidu stsu e( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu _internal_pollž s "c C s{ y" t t j | j | \ } } WnL t k
rp } z, | j t j k rO n | j } d } WYd d } ~ Xn X| | f S( Ni ( u _eintr_retry_callu osu waitpidu pidu OSErroru errnou ECHILD( u selfu
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| j | n t | d | d } t
j | q nJ xG | j d k r{| j d \ } } | | j k r5| j | q5q5W| j S( uO Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode
attribute.güŠńŇMb@?i i gŠ?N( u
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c C s1 | j r9 | j r9 | j j | s9 | j j q9 n t r] | j | | | \ } } n | j | | | \ } } | j d | j | | d k rŻ d j
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j } n | d k r'| j | | j j } q'n | | f S( Nu timeouts ( u stdinu _communication_startedu flushu closeu _has_pollu _communicate_with_pollu _communicate_with_selectu waitu _remaining_timeu Noneu joinu universal_newlinesu _translate_newlinesu stdoutu encodingu stderr( u selfu inputu endtimeu orig_timeoutu stdoutu stderr( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu _communicate s,
c C sd | j r` | j d k r` d | _ | | _ | j r` | d k r` | j j | j j | _ q` n d S( Ni ( u stdinu _inputu Noneu
_input_offsetu universal_newlinesu encodeu encoding( u selfu input( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu _save_input2 s
u Popen._save_inputc ! sS d } d } j s! i _ n t j f d d } f d d } j r| | r| | j t j n j sŐ i _ j r° g j j j .register_and_appendc s2 j | j | j j j | d S( N( u
unregisteru _fd2fileu closeu pop( u fd( u polleru self( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu close_unregister_and_removeI s
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bytes_writtenu data( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu _communicate_with_select sz
u Popen._communicate_with_selectc C s t j | j | d S( u) Send a signal to the process
N( u osu killu pid( u selfu sig( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu send_signalá s c C s | j t j d S( u/ Terminate the process with SIGTERM
N( u send_signalu signalu SIGTERM( u self( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu terminateć s c C s | j t j d S( u* Kill the process with SIGKILL
N( u send_signalu signalu SIGKILL( u self( ( u/ /opt/alt/python33/lib64/python3.3/subprocess.pyu killë s u
Popen.killNFi˙˙˙˙T(4 u __name__u
__module__u __qualname__u Falseu _child_createdu Noneu _PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDSu Trueu __init__u _translate_newlinesu __enter__u __exit__u sysu maxsizeu __del__u _get_devnullu communicateu pollu _remaining_timeu _check_timeoutu mswindowsu _get_handlesu _make_inheritableu _find_w9xpopenu _execute_childu _winapiu WaitForSingleObjectu
WAIT_OBJECT_0u GetExitCodeProcessu _internal_pollu waitu
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pywintypesu selectu hasattru _has_pollu _posixsubprocessu cloexec_pipeu _create_pipeu getattru _PIPE_BUFu __all__u CREATE_NEW_CONSOLEu CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUPu STD_INPUT_HANDLEu STD_OUTPUT_HANDLEu STD_ERROR_HANDLEu SW_HIDEu STARTF_USESTDHANDLESu STARTF_USESHOWWINDOWu extendu intu Handleu sysconfu MAXFDu _activeu _cleanupu PIPEu STDOUTu DEVNULLu _eintr_retry_callu _args_from_interpreter_flagsu Noneu callu
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