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)names rC r) r) s >>$ r` r+ c \ rS rSrS rS rSrg) _LiteralFormi c SU R - $ r r r s rC r _LiteralForm.__repr__ r r` c . [ R " X5 $ r> )rX rY r| rP s rC r _LiteralForm.__getitem__ s ''9 9r` r Nr r r` rC r r s 5 :r` r ao A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers
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' [ $ ! [ a [ $ f = f)a Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
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35 eUn[ U5 U l g) zHelper function used in Protocol.__init_subclass__ and _TypedDictMeta.__new__.
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class C:
def meth(self) -> int:
return 0
def func(x: Proto) -> int:
return x.meth()
func(C()) # Passes static type check
See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
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only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
def meth(self) -> T:
...
r Tc J > U [ L a [ S5 e[ TU ]
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)r? ri _TYPEDDICT_TYPESrs s rC r* r* ? s "e$4 566r` r! c U $ )a Assert (to the type checker) that the value is of the given type.
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assert_type(name, int) # type checker error
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r )__val__typs rC r! r! Q s r` c [ U [ 5 ( a [ U R 5 $ [ U S5 ( a2 U R [
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Sr g)r i a Add context specific metadata to a type.
Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
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Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
this type as int.
The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type (and will be in
the __origin__ field), the remaining arguments are kept as a tuple in
the __extra__ field.
Details:
- It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
- Nested Annotated are flattened::
Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
- Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
underlying type::
Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
- Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
r c [ S5 e)Nz&Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.rI rO r r s rC r Annotated.__new__ s DE Er` c [ U[ 5 ( a [ U5 S: a [ S5 e[ [
4n[
US 5 U; a US nO Sn[ R " US U5 n[ USS 5 n[ X55 $ )Nr zUAnnotated[...] should be used with at least two arguments (a type and an annotation).r z$Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type.r# )
r? ri rL rI r r r' rX r r )rO r% allowed_special_formsr r r s rC r' Annotated.__class_getitem__ s fe,,F a !/ 0 0 &.u$5 !&)$(== < ++F1Is; VABZ(H"64 4r` c 4 [ SU R S35 e)NCannot subclass z
.Annotated)rI r r s rC r? Annotated.__init_subclass__ s "3>>"2*=
r` N) r r r r r r r rX rA r' r? r r r` rC r r s4 @ F
5
5 r` )_BaseGenericAlias)r[ c [ U [ 5 ( a [ $ [ U [ R [
[ [ [ 45 ( a U R $ U [ R L a [ R $ g)a Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
get_origin(int) is None
get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
get_origin(Generic) is Generic
get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
get_origin(P.args) is P
N) r? r r rX rY _typing_GenericAliasr r r
r r r~ s rC r' r' ' sa b/ * * b6//1EGX(/; < <==
>> !r` c x [ U [ 5 ( a U R 4U R - $ [ U [ R
[ 45 ( af [ U SS5 ( a gU R n[ U 5 [ R R L a US [ La [ USS 5 US 4nU$ g)a Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
Examples::
get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
get_args(int) == ()
get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
re Fr r Nr )r? r r r rX rY r r r r' collectionsr. r Ellipsisr )rs ress rC r& r& ? s b/ * *MM#boo5 5 b6//1EF G Gr:u--++C"~ !9!99c!fH>TCH~s2w/Jr` r4 c \ rS rSrS rSrg)_TypeAliasFormi[ c SU R - $ r r r s rC r _TypeAliasForm.__repr__\ r r` r Nr r r r r r r r` rC r r [ 5r` r c [ U S35 e)zSpecial marker indicating that an assignment should
be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
checkers.
For example::
Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
is not subscriptabler r s rC r4 r4 _ s 4& 5677r` c \ rS rSrS rSrg)r in c SU R - $ r r r s rC r r o r r` r Nr r r` rC r r n r r` a Special marker indicating that an assignment should
be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
checkers.
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Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example
above.c " \ rS rSrSrSrS rSrg)
_DefaultMixini z Mixin for TypeVarLike defaults.r c [ U[ [ 45 ( a [ S U 5 5 U l g U( a [ R
" US5 U l g S U l g )Nc 3 P # U H n[ R " US 5 v M g7f)Default must be a typeNr )rA ds rC rD )_DefaultMixin.__init__.. s( &8/6! '-&8&8 [ T U ] " U/UQ7X#US.6 [ R X5 X`l [ R
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g g ! [ [ 4 a S n N"f = fN)r rr rt r# r rX typing_extensions) rz r r __infer_variance__r2 r3 r4 r0 r rK r )
r| r r rr rt r r constraintsdef_modr~ s
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_Immutablei z3Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied.r c U $ r> r r s rC __copy___Immutable.__copy__ Kr` c U $ r> r )r| memos rC __deepcopy___Immutable.__deepcopy__ r r` N) r r r r r r r r r r r` rC r r s A r` r c * \ rS rSrSrS rS rS rSrg)r i a! The args for a ParamSpec object.
Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
P.args.__origin__ is P
This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
static type checkers.
c Xl g r> r r| r s rC r ParamSpecArgs.__init__ $Or` c 4 U R R S3$ )Nz.argsr r r s rC r ParamSpecArgs.__repr__ s oo../u5 5r` c j [ U[ 5 ( d [ $ U R UR :H $ r> )r? r r1 r r s rC r ParamSpecArgs.__eq__ s* e]33%%??e&6&66 6r` r N r r r r r r r r r r r` rC r r s
% 6 7r` c * \ rS rSrSrS rS rS rSrg)r
i a+ The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
static type checkers.
c Xl g r> r r s rC r ParamSpecKwargs.__init__ r r` c 4 U R R S3$ )Nz.kwargsr r s rC r ParamSpecKwargs.__repr__ s oo../w7 7r` c j [ U[ 5 ( d [ $ U R UR :H $ r> )r? r
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r c > ^ \ rS rSrSrSrSSSSS.U 4S jjrSrU =r$ ) r i z!Parameter specification variable.rX NFr rr rt r c > [ TU ] XUUS9 [ R X5 [ R " S5 R
R
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rz r r r2 r3 r4 r0 r rK r r| r r rr rt r r r~ s rC r ParamSpec.__init__ s G T)+8
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0A% %A:9A:r r r s @rC r r s /
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SSSSS.U 4S jjr S r S
r
S rS rS
rSrU =r$ )r i a Parameter specification variable.
Usage::
P = ParamSpec('P')
Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
type checkers. They are used to forward the parameter types of one
callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
functions and decorators. They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher,
they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime.
See class Generic for more information on generic types. An
example for annotating a decorator::
T = TypeVar('T')
P = ParamSpec('P')
def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
'''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
return f(*args, **kwargs)
return inner
@add_logging
def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
'''Add two numbers together.'''
return x + y
Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
generic types. These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
are yet to be decided. See PEP 612 for details.
Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
P.__name__ == 'T'
P.__bound__ == None
P.__covariant__ == False
P.__contravariant__ == False
Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
be pickled.
c [ U 5 $ r> )r r s rC r ParamSpec.args0 s
& &r` c [ U 5 $ r> )r
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"4( (r` NFr c > [ TU ] U /5 Xl [ U5 U l [ U5 U l U( a [ R " US5 U l OS U l [ R X5 [ R " S5 R R SS5 nUS:w a X`l g g ! [ [ 4 a S n N"f = f)NzBound must be a type.r# r rX r )rz r r bool
__covariant____contravariant__rX r __bound__r r2 r3 r4 r0 r rK r r s rC r r 8 s G dV $ M!%i D %)-%8D "!'!3!3E;R!S!% " "4 1
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s 90B7 7C C c r U R ( a SnOU R ( a SnOSnXR - $ )N+-~)r r r )r| prefixs rC r ParamSpec.__repr__L s0 !! '' MM) )r` c , [ R U 5 $ r> r; r r s rC r ParamSpec.__hash__U ??4( (r` c XL $ r> r r s rC r ParamSpec.__eq__X
= r` c U R $ r> r r s rC r ParamSpec.__reduce__[ == r` c g r> r r s rC __call__ParamSpec.__call___ r` )r r r r r )r r r r r rX r
r~ propertyr r r r r r r r$ r r r s @rC r r sn , ^ NN '
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Pr` c D [ U R U R 45 $ r> )r r r r s rC r !_ConcatenateGenericAlias.__hash__x s $--89 9r` c g r> r r s rC r$ !_ConcatenateGenericAlias.__call__| r& r` c : [ S U R 5 5 $ )Nc 3 t # U H. n[ U[ R [ 45 ( d M* Uv M0 g 7fr> )r? rX r
r )rA rs s rC rD :_ConcatenateGenericAlias.__parameters__.. s' *rjfnni=X.Y]s )8 8)ri r r s rC r< '_ConcatenateGenericAlias.__parameters__ s !]]
r` )r r )r r r r rX rY r~ re r r r r$ r' r< r r r s @rC r) r) f s@ (( !
P
:
r` r) c ^ US:X a [ S5 e[ U[ 5 ( d U4n[ US [ 5 ( d [ S5 eSm[ U4S jU 5 5 n[ X5 $ )Nr z&Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.r zAThe last parameter to Concatenate should be a ParamSpec variable.z/Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type.c 3 R ># U H n[ R " UT5 v M g 7fr> r r s rC rD '_concatenate_getitem.. s! F:av))!S11:r )rI r? ri r r) )r| rP r s @rC _concatenate_getitemr< sn R@AA j% ( ( ]
jni 0 0 . / /
;CF:FFJ #D 55r` c [ X5 $ )zUsed in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
callable.
For example::
Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
See PEP 612 for detailed information.
r< r s rC r r s $D55r` c \ rS rSrS rS rSrg)_ConcatenateFormi c SU R - $ r r r s rC r _ConcatenateForm.__repr__ r r` c [ X5 $ r> r> r s rC r _ConcatenateForm.__getitem__ s
'9 9r` r Nr r r` rC r@ r@ s 5 :r` r@ a& Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
callable.
For example::
Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
See PEP 612 for detailed information.
r5 c \ rS rSrS rSrg)_TypeGuardFormi c SU R - $ r r r s rC r _TypeGuardForm.__repr__ r r` r Nr r r` rC rF rF r r` rF c b [ R " X S35 n[ R " X45 $ )a Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
type guard function. ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The
conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
Using ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
function:
1. The return value is a boolean.
2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
For example::
def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
# "isinstance" type guard
if isinstance(val, str):
# Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
...
else:
# Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
...
Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
type-unsafe results. The main reason is to allow for things like
narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant. The responsibility of
writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables. For more information, see
PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
r )rX r rY r s rC r5 r5 s0 X !!*6R.ST##D'22r` c \ rS rSrS rS rSrg)rF i c SU R - $ r r r s rC r rH r r` c x [ R " UU R S35 n[ R " X45 $ )Nz accepts only a single typer r s rC r _TypeGuardForm.__getitem__ s7 %%j)- 4O&PRD''g6 6r` r Nr r r` rC rF rF r r` a Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
type guard function. ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The
conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
Using ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
function:
1. The return value is a boolean.
2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
For example::
def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
# "isinstance" type guard
if isinstance(val, str):
# Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
...
else:
# Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
...
Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
type-unsafe results. The main reason is to allow for things like
narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant. The responsibility of
writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables. For more information, see
PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
c x \ rS rSrSrS rS rS rS rS r S r
S r S
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5 rSrg) _SpecialFormi0 )r r _getitemc T Xl UR U l UR U l g r> )rP r r r )r| r s rC r _SpecialForm.__init__3 s
%%
r` c < US; a U R $ [ U5 e)N> r r )r r )r| r s rC __getattr___SpecialForm.__getattr__8 s / /:: T""r` c [ SU < 35 e)Nr r )r| rd s rC __mro_entries__ _SpecialForm.__mro_entries__> s *4(344r` c SU R 3$ r r r s rC r _SpecialForm.__repr__A s #DJJ<00r` c U R $ r> r r s rC r _SpecialForm.__reduce__D s zzr` c [ SU < 35 e)NzCannot instantiate r r| r r s rC r$ _SpecialForm.__call__G s -dX677r` c * [ R X4 $ r> rX Unionr s rC __or___SpecialForm.__or__J s ||DK((r` c * [ R X4 $ r> ra r s rC __ror___SpecialForm.__ror__M s ||EK((r` c [ U S35 e)Nz! cannot be used with isinstance()r )r| r} s rC r{ _SpecialForm.__instancecheck__P 4& ABCCr` c [ U S35 e)Nz! cannot be used with issubclass()r )r| rO s rC r{ _SpecialForm.__subclasscheck__S rj r` c $ U R X5 $ r> )rP r s rC r _SpecialForm.__getitem__V s }}T..r` )r rP r N)r r r r r r rT rW r r r$ rc rf r{ r{ rX rA r r r r` rC rO rO 0 sU 0I'
# 518))DD / /r` rO r c [ U S35 e)a Represents an arbitrary literal string.
Example::
from typing_extensions import LiteralString
def query(sql: LiteralString) -> ...:
...
query("SELECT * FROM table") # ok
query(f"SELECT * FROM {input()}") # not ok
See PEP 675 for details.
r r r| r% s rC r r ^ s " 4& 5677r` r c [ U S35 e)zUsed to spell the type of "self" in classes.
Example::
from typing import Self
class ReturnsSelf:
def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
...
return self
r r rp s rC r r u s 4& 5677r` r7 c [ U S35 e)a4 The bottom type, a type that has no members.
This can be used to define a function that should never be
called, or a function that never returns::
from typing_extensions import Never
def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
pass
def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
never_call_me(arg) # type checker error
match arg:
case int():
print("It's an int")
case str():
print("It's a str")
case _:
never_call_me(arg) # ok, arg is of type Never
r r rp s rC r7 r7 s 0 4& 5677r` c \ rS rSrS rSrg)_ExtensionsSpecialFormi c SU R - $ r r r s rC r _ExtensionsSpecialForm.__repr__ r r` r Nr r r` rC rt rt r r` rt c v [ R " XR S35 n[ R " X45 $ )a A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
as required. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
title: Required[str]
year: int
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
when instantiating a related TypedDict.
r r r s rC r9 r9 s3 " !!* Array[Batch, Unpack[Shape]]: ...
r rX r r r r s rC r r s- !!* r? r r} s rC rM rM #|,,r` c , \ rS rSr\R
rSrg)r i r Nr r r` rC r r r r` c \ rS rSrS rS rSrg) _UnpackFormi c SU R - $ r r r s rC r _UnpackForm.__repr__ r r` c b [ R " UU R S35 n[ X45 $ r r r s rC r _UnpackForm.__getitem__! s1 %%j)- 4P&QSD g. .r` r Nr r r` rC r r s 5 /r` r a A special typing construct to unpack a variadic type. For example:
Shape = TypeVarTuple('Shape')
Batch = NewType('Batch', int)
def add_batch_axis(
x: Array[Unpack[Shape]]
) -> Array[Batch, Unpack[Shape]]: ...
c " [ U [ 5 $ r> r r s rC rM rM 3 r r` r c 4 ^ \ rS rSrSrSS.U 4S jjrSrU =r$ )r i: zType variable tuple.Nr c > [ TU ] U5 [ R X5 [ R " S5 R
R
SS5 nUS:w a X0l g g ! [ [ 4 a S n N"f = fNr# r rX r r )r| r r r r~ s rC r TypeVarTuple.__init__= st G T " " "4 1
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r r r r s @rC r r : s ",0
*
*r` c b \ rS rSrSr\R rS rSS.S jr S r
S r S r S
r
S rS rg)
r iJ a Type variable tuple.
Usage::
Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
In the same way that a normal type variable is a stand-in for a single
type such as ``int``, a type variable *tuple* is a stand-in for a *tuple*
type such as ``Tuple[int, str]``.
Type variable tuples can be used in ``Generic`` declarations.
Consider the following example::
class Array(Generic[*Ts]): ...
The ``Ts`` type variable tuple here behaves like ``tuple[T1, T2]``,
where ``T1`` and ``T2`` are type variables. To use these type variables
as type parameters of ``Array``, we must *unpack* the type variable tuple using
the star operator: ``*Ts``. The signature of ``Array`` then behaves
as if we had simply written ``class Array(Generic[T1, T2]): ...``.
In contrast to ``Generic[T1, T2]``, however, ``Generic[*Shape]`` allows
us to parameterise the class with an *arbitrary* number of type parameters.
Type variable tuples can be used anywhere a normal ``TypeVar`` can.
This includes class definitions, as shown above, as well as function
signatures and variable annotations::
class Array(Generic[*Ts]):
def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[*Ts]):
self._shape: Tuple[*Ts] = shape
def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[*Ts]:
return self._shape
shape = (Height(480), Width(640))
x: Array[Height, Width] = Array(shape)
y = abs(x) # Inferred type is Array[Height, Width]
z = x + x # ... is Array[Height, Width]
x.get_shape() # ... is tuple[Height, Width]
c # ( # U R v g 7fr> ) __unpacked__r s rC __iter__TypeVarTuple.__iter__y s ## #s Nr c Xl [ R X5 [ R " S5 R
R
SS5 nUS:w a X0l [ U U l g ! [ [ 4 a S n N/f = fr ) r r r r2 r3 r4 r0 r rK r r r )r| r r r s rC r r | sr M " "4 1
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s 0A( (A=<A=c U R $ r> r r s rC r TypeVarTuple.__repr__ r" r` c , [ R U 5 $ r> r r s rC r TypeVarTuple.__hash__ r r` c XL $ r> r r s rC r TypeVarTuple.__eq__ r r` c U R $ r> r r s rC r TypeVarTuple.__reduce__ r" r` c & SU; a [ S5 eg )Nr z&Cannot subclass special typing classesr r^ s rC r? TypeVarTuple.__init_subclass__ s d" HII #r` )r r r )r r r r r rX r
r~ r r r r r r r? r r r` rC r r J s< ) X NN $ -1 - ! ) ! ! Jr` r0 __objrD c d [ S[ U 5 R < 3[ R S9 U $ )a Reveal the inferred type of a variable.
When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``,
it will emit the inferred type of the argument::
x: int = 1
reveal_type(x)
Running a static type checker (e.g., ``mypy``) on this example
will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'.
At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the
argument and returns it unchanged.
zRuntime type is )file)printr r r2 stderr)r s rC r0 r0 s* e!5!5 89
K r` r __argc [ S5 e)a Assert to the type checker that a line of code is unreachable.
Example::
def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
match arg:
case int():
print("It's an int")
case str():
print("It's a str")
case _:
assert_never(arg)
If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is
reachable, it will emit an error.
At runtime, this throws an exception when called.
z Expected code to be unreachable)AssertionErrorr s rC r r s ( >??r` r# r )
eq_default
order_defaultkw_only_defaultfield_specifiersr r r r .r c $ ^ ^^^^ U UUUU4S jnU$ )a Decorator that marks a function, class, or metaclass as providing
dataclass-like behavior.
Example:
from typing_extensions import dataclass_transform
_T = TypeVar("_T")
# Used on a decorator function
@dataclass_transform()
def create_model(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]:
...
return cls
@create_model
class CustomerModel:
id: int
name: str
# Used on a base class
@dataclass_transform()
class ModelBase: ...
class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
id: int
name: str
# Used on a metaclass
@dataclass_transform()
class ModelMeta(type): ...
class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...
class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
id: int
name: str
Each of the ``CustomerModel`` classes defined in this example will now
behave similarly to a dataclass created with the ``@dataclasses.dataclass``
decorator. For example, the type checker will synthesize an ``__init__``
method.
The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior:
- ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be
True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
- ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is
assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
- ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is
assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
- ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes
or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``.
At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the
``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object.
See PEP 681 for details.
c " > TTTTTS.U l U $ )N)r r r r r )__dataclass_transform__) cls_or_fnr r r r r s rC decorator&dataclass_transform..decorator s$ (!.#2$4 1I - r` r )r r r r r r s ````` rC r# r# s L r` r. _F)r c U $ )a Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class.
Usage:
class Base:
def method(self) -> None: ...
pass
class Child(Base):
@override
def method(self) -> None:
super().method()
When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will
validate that it overrides a method with the same name on a base class.
This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is changed
without an equivalent change to a child class.
See PEP 698 for details.
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